Scientific Evaluation of Integrated Watershed Development Programme Projects in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

The current study was taken up to investigate the utility of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools for evaluation of 13 Integrated Watershed Development Programme watershed projects implemented during 2009-2016 in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out using high resolution Resourcesat-2, Linear Imaging self-Scanning System (LISS)-IV data of 2011 (pre-treatment) and 2016 (post-treatment) to assess the changes in land use/land cover and biomass over a period of five years (2011-16). Due to implementation of the watershed developmental activities, an additional area of 15100 ha has been brought under cultivation. The vegetation maps indicated that 20531 ha of fallow land converted to dense (9533 ha) and open vegetation (10249) categories during the project period due to the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. An additional area of 280 ha (5.72%) increased under water bodies and 1352 ha waste land converted to cultivable land due to construction of farm ponds, percolation tanks and check dams. This area is attributed to cropland and plantations in the year 2016.

Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Technology for Evaluation of Watershed Development Programme in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India

“…The plantation cover occupied 2708 ha (4.86%) in 2011 and it has been increased to 3706 ha (6.64%). It is found that 998 ha of croplands are converted into perennial crops during the project period which is attributed in plantations in 2016 [30,31]. This may help protect from soil erosion, improve soil structure, increase ecosystem nutrient retention, carbon sequestration, water infiltration, and it can contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.…”

“…This is attributed in cropland and plantations in the year 2016. It clearly shows that the changes occurred in the watershed area are progressive in nature [30,31]. The changes in cropland are shown in Fig.…”

Application of Compatible Graph and Webster Methods for Traffic Light Arrangement in Jepara

“…Some research about traffic management using the Webster method has been carried out, such as (Wijaya et al, 2019) on analyzing the waiting time at the Yogjakarta Mirota Kampus intersection; Singh (2022) on repairing a signalized intersection in Bengaluru; Reddy and Reddy (2016) on design signal at T-intersection in Nandyal town; and Li et al (2021) to optimal transportation design with signal control at the intersection. There are also research on traffic management using compatible graph such as Sikar and Aslan (2022) on delay calculation of autonomous vehicles at signalized intersections; Sarbaini (2022) on modeling traffic flow at intersections in the Pekanbaru City.…”