I recent years, much attention of researchers has been paid to the role of testosterone in the regulation of immune cells and its influence on the course of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of testosterone-regulated cellular and molecular pathways and the role of androgens in stimulating tissue-specific differences in inflammation susceptibility can lead to the development of innovative treatment strategies for a variety of diseases depending on gender. The aim of this study is to analyze the latest research on the effect of androgens on immunocompetent cells. Sex differences in the functions of the immune system are genetically determined and mediated by the action of male and female sex hormones. Myeloid immune cells express sex hormone receptors and are sensitive to sex hormones. Androgens, including dihydrotestosterone and testosterone, inhibit the activity of immune cells. Effects of testosterone restricts the activity of NK cells, the surface expression of TLR4 on macrophages, the synthesis of proinflammatory products, including TNF-α and nitric oxide synthase, and the formation of leukotriene in neutrophils. Androgens also affect inducing stimuli that regulate the activity of monocyte-macrophages. Testosterone controls complement activation. Androgens have a suppressive effect on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, reduce the production of prostaglandin E2 in monocytes. The presence of androgen receptors is important factor in regulating neutrophil differentiation. Androgen receptors regulate, first of all, the transition between the proliferation of precursors (myeloblasts, promyelocytes and myelocytes) and the maturation of neutrophils (metamyelocytes, band and segmented neutrophils). The number and activity of cells associated with innate immunity differ between the sexes. Males have a higher natural killer (NK) percentage than females. Phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages in women is higher than in men. Antigen-presenting cells in women are more efficiently presented by peptides than in men. Sex differences are also observed in innate lymphoid cells, which are lymphocytes that regulate a number of tissue immune responses by producing effector cytokines.
The effect of androgen deficiency on haematopoiesis has not been sufficiently studied yet. It is known that androgens have a double effect on the hematopoietic system. Hematopoietic tissue is a continuously regenerating dynamic system; therefore, the issues of hematopoietic kinetics and its regulation are key ones to understand the pathogenesis of blood diseases in general. It has been determined that the development of all hematopoietic cells results from the proliferation and differentiation of a single pluripotent blood stem cell under the influence of surrounding cells. The effect of prolonged central deprivation of testosterone synthesis on morphological changes in hematopoietic organs is still not enough described in the scientific literature. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microscopic structure of hematopoietic cells in rats during the central deprivation of testosterone synthesis by diferelin injection on the 30 day of the experiment. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 20 adult male white rats divided into 2 groups of 10 animals in each group: control and test group. The animals in the experimental group were injected with diferelin (Triptorelin embonate) subcutaneously in a dose of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg / body wt. The rats in the control group received a saline injection. The experiment lasted 30 days. Results. The morphological study of the red bone marrow in the test group of animals on the 30 day of the experiment has demonstrated the structure of the organ is represented by two components: stromal and parenchymal. The stroma consists of reticular cells forming a network of reticular fibbers, most of which are threaded with sinusoidal capillaries. In the middle of the capillaries there is a dense arrangement of erythrocytes in the form of a "column of coins". The pericapillary space is filled with hematopoietic cells at different stages of differentiation. The monoblastic clone is represented by monocyte cells, promonocytes, monoblasts, and progenitor cells that are of the same mophrological structure and structure under light microscopy.
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