(2018) Effect of tea (Camelliasinensis) seed saponins on invitro rumen fermentation, methane production and true digestibility at different forage to concentrate ratios,

Six storage trials were conducted for preservation of Nile tilapia () in ice storage at 5 °C using moringa leaves powder. The study aims to prolong the storage life of tilapia fish using moringa leaves powder of different concentrations. The effect of the moringa leaves powder (MLP) on biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of fresh Nile tilapia stored in ice at 5 °C was investigated. Total volatile basic nitrogen, pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values in MLP treated tilapia fish were 18.18 mg/100 g, 6.57, 5.63 mg MDA/kg respectively, which were significantly lower compared to untreated fish. Bacterial count (total viable count) was delayed significantly by increasing MLP concentration. The treated sample remains acceptable during storage in ice at 5 °C up to 11 days, whereas shelf life of untreated sample of tilapia was not extended beyond 7 days. The corresponding microbiological assessment also supports the results of sensory assessment that increased in shelf-life. The results revealed that the MLP is natural preservatives for extending the shelf life of Nile tilapia during transportation and ice storage.

Aim:A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing oat fodder (OF) with fresh oak leaves (FOL) or chopped oak leaves (COL) on rumen fermentation and digestibility through in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT).Materials and Methods:Nine different diets were prepared by mixing OF with oak leaves (either FOL or COL) in different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The rations were evaluated through Hohenheim IVGPT with 200 mg substrate and 30 ml of buffered rumen liquor. All the syringes were incubated at 39°C for 24 h in buffered rumen liquor of cattle. After 24 h, the total gas production was recorded, and the contents were analyzed for in vitro methane production, protozoa no. and ammonia-N.Results:Chopping (p<0.01) reduced the tannin fractions as well as non-tannin phenol. Increase in levels of oak decreased total gas production, methane, organic matter (OM) digestibility, and metabolizable energy (ME) values. The polyphenol content of the substrate did not show any significant difference on the protozoal count.Conclusion:In vitro studies revealed that the addition of oak leaves reduced the methane production and ammonia nitrogen levels; however, it also decreased the OM digestibility and ME values linearly as the level of the oak leaves increased in the diet. Chopping was effective only at lower inclusion levels. Further studies, especially in vivo studies, are needed to explore the safe inclusion levels of oak leaves in the diet of ruminants.

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The present study assessed the nutrient composition, in vitro digestibility and methane production potential of the commonly fed feed resources of North Western Himalayan region. The feed resources were collected from different parts of North Western Himalayan region and dried at 60°C until constant weight and used for further analysis. The in vitro digestibility and methane production potential were determined using the in vitro gas production technique. The results indicated that in concentrates, cereal grains had significantly high ME value, high digestibility,low methane production potential and low methane energy loss as compared to brans. In roughages, tree fodders, had significantly high digestibility, high ME value, low methane production potential and low methane energy loss as compared to grasses and crop residues. In this study, there was strong negative correlation between OM and methane production; and strong positive correlation between ash, lignin, ADF, cellulose and NDF contents and methane production in concentrates. In contrast to concentrates, in roughages strong positive relationship wasobserved between OM contents and methane emission. Positive correlations between NDF, HC, cellulose and methane production; and negative relationship between methane production and lignin, ash and EE contents were also observed in roughages. Regression equations developed for predicting methane production showed high level of predictability for concentrates as compared to roughages. The data on nutrient composition, methane production potential reported for various feedstuffs in this study could be utilized judiciously in formulating low methaneemission diets for feeding ruminants in the region.

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To study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) on nutrient intake, rumen fermentation and microbial profile of goats, three rumen cannulated adult male goats (Capra hircus) with average body weight of 19±1.0 kg were allotted to three treatments in 3×3 latin square design. The treatments were, control: fed on basal diet (wheat straw and concentrate mixture in 50:50 ratios), MOL10: basal diet supplemented with MOL @ 10% of dry matter intake (DMI) and MOL20: basal diet supplemented with MOL @ 20% of DMI. To make isonitrogenous diet, three concentrate mixtures of 17.0, 15.2 and 13.0% crude protein (CP) for three groups, respectively, were prepared. The dry matter intake, rumen pH, concentration of rumen metabolites like total VFA, molar proportion of VFAs, NH3- N and microbial enzymes were unaffected due to supplementation of MOL. There was no change in the rumen microbial population (Log 10 number) of total bacteria, methanogens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavifaciens, Butyrovibrio fibrisolvens, rumen fungi and protozoa. The results indicated that feeding of Moringa oleifera leaves did not affect rumen environment hence rumen enzyme and microbial population also remained unchanged.