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The circulating anti-parasite antibody response against Giardia lamblia in symptomatic and asymptomatic Egyptian children with confirmed giardiasis was examined. Symptomatic patients were identified using the following criteria: presence of only G. lamblia cysts in the feces, and one or more of the following symptoms, diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of weight, vomiting and/or nausea, and abdominal distention. The anti-parasite humoral response was measured using indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), ELISA, and immunoblotting. There was a significant difference in the anti-parasite antibody response measured by IFA of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, in which more than 34% of the asymptomatic patients had a titer equal to or less than 1:500, and more that 29% of the symptomatic patients had a titer of 1:8,000 or higher. The circulating anti-parasite total IgM and IgA but not IgG, measured by ELISA, was significantly higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients, and were related to higher cyst output observed in symptomatic individuals. Although total anti-parasite IgG response was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, the analysis of the IgG isotype responses revealed that both IgG1 and IgG3 were significantly higher in symptomatic patients. The antigen recognition by anti-parasite IgM, IgA, IgG1, and IgG3 of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, determined by immunoblotting, was heterogeneous and revealed only minor differences in the response of the two groups.

In vitro excystation, vital dyes (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI), and infectivity in neonatal CD-1 mice were used to assess the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts after chemical disinfection. In vitro excystation and DAPI/PI staining provided similar estimates of viability in bench-scale experiments, but both of these methods significantly overestimated the viability when compared with infectivity (Pr < or = 0.01). Infectivity was the most reliable measure of the viability of C. parvum oocysts following chemical disinfection.