Biochemical transformation kinetics is based on the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes. We developed a robust scheme based on unit productions of enzymes and reactants in cyclic events to comply with mass action law to form enzyme-substrate complexes. The developed formalism supports a successful application of Michaelis-Menten kinetics in all biochemical transformations of single parameters. It is an essential tool to overcome some challenging healthcare and environmental issues. In developing the formalism, we defined the substrate [S]= [Product]3/4 and rate of reaction based on rate and time perspectives. It allowed us to develop two quadratic equations. The first, represents a body entity that gave a useful relationship of enzyme E = 2S0.33, and the second nutrients/feed, each giving [Enzymes] and [Enzyme-substrate complexes], simulating rate of reaction, [substrate], and their differentials. By combining [Enzymes] and [Enzyme-substrate complexes] values, this quadratic equation derives a Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic function. Interestingly, we can derive the proportionate rate of reaction and [Enzymes] values of the quadratics resulting in another Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic. What is clear from these results is that between these two hyperbolic functions, in-competitive inhibitions exist, indicating metabolic activities and growth in terms of energy levels. We validated these biochemical transformations with examples applicable to day to day life.
Biochar biocatalyst action could improve quality and reduce costs in producing biochar fertilizer. Objective of this study was to develop a high-quality organic fertilizer using biochar biocatalyst action. To activate Gliricidia stem biochar (produced at 400-500 o C and 2.5 hours residence time), aqueous biocatalysts were prepared in two separate aerobic reactors containing 4L of water, 12.5 g of rock phosphate, and Gliricidia biocatalyst (GBC) with 1 kg of Gliricidia leaves and market waste biocatalyst (MWBC) with 1 kg of market wastes. Intermittently total 377.5 g and 525 g of biochar were added respectively to the reactors until they reach neutral pH. GBC showed higher total nitrogen (243 mg/L) and available phosphorous (8,125 mg/L) contents. Four compost piles were prepared with fresh immature grass of 18 kg/pile and Gliricidia leaves of 2 kg/pile. Produced biocatalysts were added at the beginning to three piles as 6% GBC, 3% GBC, and 3% MWBC and the control with 6% biochar on dw basis. N, P, K levels of all the compost piles after 8 weeks were within the recommended levels of compost. The highest total nitrogen (20.3 g/kg) and available potassium (83.71 g/kg) remained in 6% GBC and the highest available phosphorous (3.41 g/kg) measured in 3% MWBC. pH values of all piles ranged between 8.8-9.2. The made fertilizer is very suitable and cost-effective for acidic soils to improve soil nutrient status unlike the addition of lime. Michaelis-Menten kinetics indicates that it is preferable to add market waste-like substances to GBC for optimizing the qualities.
Contribution/Originality:This study documents a novel procedure of biochar activation using an aqueous mixture of Gliricidia sepium stem biochar, Gliricidia leaves and rock phosphate under aerobic conditions and also, production of high quality organic fertilizer with the addition of activated biochar during active phase of composting.
Sri Lanka faced many catastrophes in managing wastes because of human errors and climate change impacts. Consequently, government administrators with stakeholder participation drafted a comprehensive policy on all aspects of waste management and now requires planning processes in the national, provincial, and local authority levels. Evidenced-Based Interactive Database is under construction. It will be a platform for all actors to participate in managing all types of wastes, inclusive of quantity and quality of wastes. This chapter describes municipal solid waste management, including present status of technology applications with the emphasis on 3R to divert wastes from landfills. It contains reports on e-wastes collection programs and some processing, polythene recycling, hazardous wastes management, including healthcare wastes, disaster and construction and demolition wastes, informal sector and recyclers, economics of waste management, and case studies. Future directives are given with coupling of intended nationally determined contributions for sustainable waste management.
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