An NHC/iron cooperative catalytic system mediates the aerobic oxidative esterification of aldehydes with phenols. The use of equimolar amounts of reactants led to good to excellent isolated yields of esters.

NHC-iron complexes prepared in situ very efficiently afforded benzoates via the aerobic oxidative aromatic esterification of aldehydes with boronic acids. This method uses equimolar amounts of both the aldehyde and the boronic acid allowing the preparation of benzoates in yields up to 97%.

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In this work, aromatization of C 5 -rich light naphtha as feedstock obtained from the refinery of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL) was studied along with n-hexane (model compound for light naphtha) over non-noble metal oxide based catalyst; ZnGa/ZSM-5. Zeolite ZSM-5 was modified with zinc and gallium by co-impregnation method. High aromatic yields were obtained over modified ZSM-5 catalysts due to dissociative chemisorption of alkanes resulting in dehydrogenation/ aromatization. The effect of acid sites on aromatization was studied by varying SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio (SAR) of ZSM-5 and correlated with the temperature programmed desorption of am-monia (NH 3 -TPD) studies. Optimized catalyst composition was further used for aromatization of n-pentane, n-heptane and light naphtha from a refinery. The Zn-GaÀH-ZSM-5 catalyst produced aromatics in high yields (64.8 % for light naphtha), especially high quantities of toluene with toluene/benzene ratio (T/ B)~2. From the aromatization studies, it could be envisaged that a proper balance of acid sites with dehydrogenation function is required to achieve maximum aromatic yield. Nitrogen was found to be a better carrier gas compared to hydrogen for aromatization of light naphtha.