SummaryInterdisciplinary differences of lung function in elite jumping, event and endurance horses assessed by indices derived from the Single Breath Diagram for CO 2 (SBD-CO 2 ). Although cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations to exercise in the equine athlete at different workload intensities are known, studies considering interdisciplinary differences in dead space ventilation and alveolar efficiency measured at rest have not been established. In the present study we investigated differences of lung function indices derived from the single breath diagram for CO 2 (SBD-CO 2 ) and the influence of age on these indices in show jumpers, event and endurance horses. The state of pulmonary health was evaluated by clinical examination as the results were scored and used as one of the explaining variables for statistical analysis. Endurance horses were superior in all lung function indices derived from the SBD-CO 2 compared to eventers and show jumpers. As well training quality as environmental conditions might contribute to the differences of lung function in these athletes. Age related differences of lung function were significant, with the exception of the expiratory tidal volume (VT) in event horses and the dead space/tidal volume ratio according to Bohr (VD Bohr /VT) and an index of effective CO 2 elimination (A 1 /A 2 ) in the group of endurance horses. This study has served to determine interdisciplinary differences and the effect of age on indices derived from the SBD-CO 2 ; effects which should be considered in evaluating pulmonary function an health in the resting horse. Keywords:jumping, eventing, endurance, age, SBD-CO 2 , dead space, alveolar efficiency
SummaryA 15 year old appaloosa mare was referred to the equine clinic with signs of hepatic insufficiency. Serum biochemical findings included hyperbilirubinemia and elevated activities of most of the liver specific enzymes. The ultrasound examination of the liver revealed several dilated hepatic ducts. Within one of these an echogenic structure was visualized and interpreted as cholelith. Based on these findings the diagnosis cholelithiasis/ cholangitis causing hepatic insufficiency was made. After ten days of therapy with steroids and six days of therapy with antibiotics respectively, the mare left the clinic in good general condition. Three years later the mare was again referred to the clinic showing the same acute symptoms of hepatic insufficiency and elevated serum activities of the liver specific enzymes. At first she responded well to the steroid therapy but after six days she started to suffer from laminitis and therefore was euthanized. The post mortem examination revealed a markedly dilated common bile duct (Ø 7 cm), which was obstructed by an orange coloured, smooth -fibrous textured cholelith of loamy consistence. The analysis by infrared spectrography revealed that the concrement had the same composition as feces. Unlike the majority of the calculi in horses no mineral components could be detected. As for the ethiopathogenesis we hypothesize that the cholelith formation through reflux of ingesta into the biliary system (therefore its name "enterocholelith") was the underlying problem and the cholangitis and the hepatic insufficiency the consecutive problem.Keywords: enterocholelith, composition of feces, cholangitis, hepatic insufficiency, steroid therapy Enterocholelith bei einer Appaloosa-StuteEine 15 jährige Appaloosa Stute wurde mit Symptomen einer hepatischen Insuffizienz an die Pferdeklinik überwiesen. Die Blutuntersuchung ergab eine Hyperbilirubinämie und erhöhte Werte der leberspezifischen Enzyme. Bei der sonographischen Untersuchung der Leber waren mehrere dilatierte Gallengänge zu erkennen. In einem davon konnte eine echogene Struktur dargestellt werden, die als Cholelith interpretiert wurde. Basierend auf den Untersuchungsergebnissen lag die Verdachtsdiagnose einer Cholelithiasis/ Cholangitis mit sekundärer Leberinsuffizienz nahe. Dank der Therapie mit Steroiden und Antibiotika besserte sich der Allgemeinzustand der Stute, so dass sie 10 Tage nach Überweisung entlassen werden konnte. 3 Jahre später wurde die Stute mit denselben Symptomen und klinisch-chemischen Verände-rungen im Blut an die Pferdeklinik eingeliefert. Sie sprach zuerst gut auf die veranlasste Steroidtherapie an, musste dann aber nach sechs Tagen aufgrund einer Hufrehe euthanasiert werden. Bei der Sektion wurde u.a. ersichtlich, dass der markant dilatierte, ausführende Gallengang (Ø 7 cm) durch ein orangefarbenens, glatt-faseriges Gallengangskonkrement von lehmiger Konsistenz verlegt war. Die Analyse mittels Infrarotspektrographie ergab, dass dieses Konkrement die gleiche Zusammensetzung wie Faeces aufwies und keinerlei mi...
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