Incidence of extracranial carotid aneurysm is rare and represents a challenge to treatment strategy. Two patients presented to us a couple of years apart with pulsatile neck swellings. We propose that the extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysm was as a result of direct extension from tuberculous lymphadenitis and discuss the management of these patients.
Brain tumours form the most common type of solid tumour in children and more that 50% of these are infratentorial. Cerebellar astrocytomas and brain stem gliomas are the commonest posterior fossa glial tumours in children. Cerebellar astrocytomas represent up to 10% of all primary brain tumours and up to 25% of posterior fossa tumors in children, with Low grade gliomas forming the commonest of the cerebellar gliomas. They commonly present with symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure due to obstructive hydrocephalus. Radiologically they may be solid or cystic with or without a mural nodule. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment and forms the most consistent factor influencing progression free and long term survival. While majority of the tumours are pilocytic astrocytomas, they may also be fibrillary astrocytomas or even high grade tumours. Tumour histology does not appear to be an independent factor in the prognosis of these children, and therefore no palliative treatment after surgery is advocated. Brain stem gliomas account for approximately 10% of all pediatric brain tumours. Cranial nerve signs, ataxia and cerebellar signs with or without symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure are classically described symptoms and signs. Radiographic findings and clinical correlates can be used to categorize brain stem tumours into four types: diffuse, focal, exophytic and cervicomedullary. Histologically most brain stem gliomas are fibrillary astrocytomas. Diffuse brain stem gliomas are the most commonly seen tumour in the brain stem. These lesions are malignant high grade fibrillary astrocytomas. Focal tumours of the brain stem are demarcated lesions generally less than 2 cms in size, without associated edema. Most commonly seen in the midbrain or medulla, they form a heterogeneous pathological group, showing indolent growth except when the lesion is a PNET. Dorsally exophytic tumours lie in the fourth ventricle, while cervicomedullary lesions are similar to spinal intramedullary tumours. Expanding lesions are the only lesions amenable for excision while infiltrative and ventral lesions are not.
BACKGROUND Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has become an invaluable tool in the preoperative evaluation of the breast lumps and is a part of initial screening by triple assessment approach. Its main purpose is to differentiate benign lesions from malignant lesions. However inflammatory lesions of the breast are relatively uncommon benign breast lesions and can be of an abnormal finding on imaging. These lesions form palpable lumps and simulate a malignant process, both clinically and radiologically. Core biopsies may not help in the diagnosis of inflammatory lesions and are not necessary in most of these cases. Here, the present study aims to highlight the importance of FNAC in the diagnosis of inflammatory lesions of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was a prospective study conducted in Government General Hospital, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, for a period of one year from July 2017 to June 2018. A total number of 591 female patients with palpable breast lumps were subjected to FNAC. Ten cases out of 591 were showed clinical and radiological discrepancies. Aspirated smears were studied microscopically, and final diagnosis was made after assessment by two pathologists. All ten cases were followed up for six months to assess the response to therapy.
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