Of 2608 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction, 24 developed subacute free wall rupture (= 0.92%; 95% C.I. = 0.6-1.4). Clinical manifestations varied widely (shock on admission; 25% of cases; severe arrhythmias followed by shock: 17%; shock during hospital stay: 42%; symptoms suggestive of infarct extension without shock: 17%). The electrocardiograms were confusing rather than revealing: 56% of patients showed new ST segment elevations of 0.2 to 1 mV in the infarct-related leads, while autopsy or creatinine phosphokinase evidence of infarct extension was missing. In the first 21 cases, therefore, no definitive diagnosis was made before autopsy. Using 197 infarct patients in cardiogenic shock or with infarct extension during the acute stage, i.e. a patient group with comparable clinical manifestations, as control group, a logistic regression model was generated in which the variables age, lateral wall involvement and history of hypertension were used for estimating the probability of subacute rupture. In fact, probability may rise to more than 40% in major subgroups. As death occurred after a median interval of 8 h (45 min-6.5 weeks) following the onset of rupture symptoms, echocardiography must be performed urgently in all cases presenting symptoms of shock or infarct extension. Pretest probability which can be roughly estimated from our model as well as sensitivity and specificity of individual echocardiographic or clinical parameters are indispensable for correct therapeutic decisions. The routine application of this algorithm in our department contributed to a timely diagnosis in the last three consecutive cases of whom one patient survived.
The catheter tips of 152 patients, who were haemodynamically supervised by pulmonary artery monitoring or continuous cardiac output determination, were bacteriologically examined. 106 cultures remained sterile, 21 cultures revealed a growth of non pathogenic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured 15 times, pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 times, Citrobacter as well as Escherichia coli twice, and Klebsiella and Enterobacter once each. There was no statistically significant connection between dwelling period and contamination. Also diabetes mellitus or corticoid medication in high dosage had no significant influence on contamination rate.
96 patients, under 70 years of age, underwent symptom-limited (maximal) exercise testing in the 3rd week after an acute myocardial infarction when neither cardiac insufficiency, angina pectoris (post-infarction) nor malignant arrhythmias were present. A further 29 patients, who could not be exercised because of the reasons mentioned, had a significantly higher frequency of coronary events during the 14 month observation period than those patients who could be exercised (55% vs. 23%, P = 0.05). When signs of (reversible) ischaemia occurred during exercise testing (angina pectoris, ST-segment depression greater than 0.1 mV), the one-year prognosis was significantly worse than in patients having no ischaemia. By means of this test the occurrence of a "coronary event" can be forecasted with high sensitivity (92%) but low specificity (46%). Thus, the negative test ("predictive value" 94%) is suitable for recognising patients with low spontaneous risk thus sparing them from further invasive investigations.
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