Mycosphaerella graminicola is a major pathogen of wheat worldwide, causing Septoria leaf blotch disease. Targeted gene disruption in M. graminicola, by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, has become an established functional genomics tool for M. graminicola research in recent years. However, in order to advance research into this economically important pathogen, further functional genomics tools need to be developed. Here, we report three new capabilities for M. graminicola research: (i) two selectable markers have been shown to work robustly in M. graminicola, namely G418 and the fungicide carboxin; (ii) the generation of a strain of M. graminicola in which the KU70 (MUS-51) homologue has been disrupted; in this strain, homologous recombination efficiencies increased to more than 95%, whilst maintaining wild-type growth in vitro and full pathogenicity on wheat leaves; (iii) the ability to efficiently target and generate precise mutations of specific genes in the genomic context in M. graminicola. In addition, the insertion of the E198A mutation into the beta-tubulin gene (MgTUB1), conferring resistance to the fungicide benomyl, suggests that this mutant allele may provide an additional selectable marker. The collective use of these tools will permit further advancements in our knowledge of the biology and pathogenicity of this important plant pathogen.

:Marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.) has earned tremendous popularity as floral crop in Madhya Pradesh particularly at Indore district, where it is being commercially cultivated as loose flower at around 2300 hac. 97 per cent (2231 hac) area covered under African type cultivar which was grown almost around the year in Indore district. Market price always remains high for those cultivars having uniform size, shape and early flowering nature. Consequently hybrid marigold varieties were tried as intervention for enhancing the yield and economic return at real farming situation. 16 on-form demonstrations were conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at village Lodiya and Uteriya of Indore district in Madhya Pradesh. 20.80 per cent flower yield enhancement was recorded with hybrid variety over farmer's practice (Local variety). Average additional income of Rs. 45,568.00 can be attributed by adopting hybrid marigold variety over local variety. Higher cost of cultivation under recommended practice was attributable to higher seed cost of hybrid cultivar. On mean basis cost benefit ratio was 2.16 for recommended practice, whereas 1.16 for farmer's practice. Thus, favourable cost benefit ratio and higher net returns proved the economic viability of the intervention made under recommended practice.

The present study was carried out to compare efficacy of combination of herbal oil and acaricide delta methrin in crossbed cows. Application of the neem and Karanja oil was found to be economically beneficial as compared to the farmers practice (in which deltamethrin 2ml/lit. was used).

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries, and its impact on the job market is significant. While AI has the potential to automate repetitive and time-consuming tasks, it also presents new job opportunities that require expertise in data analysis, software engineering, and machine learning. The paper provides an overview of the current state of the job market and the challenges it faces, and explains how AI is transforming the job market, including its impact on job creation and destruction, skill requirements, and wage distribution. The paper analyzes the job market trends from 2019 to 2023 based on the latest research and reports, and discusses the implications of AI for the workforce and policymakers. The paper concludes with some recommendations for future research and policy interventions. It discusses the benefits of AI, such as increased productivity, efficiency, and accuracy, and highlights the challenges that AI poses, including the displacement of certain jobs and the need for retraining workers. The review paper also discusses how AI is impacting workplace safety and health, including both the potential benefits and the new hazards that AI presents. Finally, the review paper explores the policies and regulations needed to ensure that AI is used ethically and responsibly in the job market. Overall, this review paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of AI on the job market and its implications for workers, businesses, and society

HighlightsAn improved method for the production of recombinant MP-GFP fusions in yeast is presented using agar plates. An agar plate method for MP-GFP expression screening is described for Pichia pastoris, with improved induction methodology by the simple addition of methanol, allowing longer induction times for expression clarity. A new simple rapid agar plate method for MP-GFP expression screening is described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells can be taken directly from agar plates into confocal microscopy studies for immediate cell localisation data and triaging. Liquid plate based screening methods are also described for both yeasts in comparison, to show there is corresponding data, helping validate the new agar plate methods. KeywordsPichia pastoris, Sacchromyces cerevisae, membrane protein-green fluorescent protein fusion (MP-GFP fusion), agar plate screening, liquid plate screening, confocal microscopy AbstractThe expression and purification of membrane proteins is an extremely challenging area of work within Protein Science. Membrane proteins are required for compound screening and structure determination in industry. Here we describe some new and innovative methodology in developing the membrane protein GFP fusion primary expression screening in yeast. This methodology enables the expression of membrane proteins fused to GFP in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris systems. This capability helps facilitate screening of constructs to establish which are suitable for membrane protein production for compound screening and structure determination.In terms of the primary screening work, we have developed both agar plate and liquid plate expression methodology in yeast. The two approaches correspond well, but the agar plate method is more rapid and we have shown it to have the advantage of allowing cells to be taken directly into confocal microscopy for immediate cell localisation data. Innovative work to extend the methanol induction time in the Pichia agar plate method established good differentiation from the background. A novel agar plate method was also developed for S.cerevisiae which is also presented. These screening methods allow triaging of constructs for either membrane protein preps for biochemical assays or progression to fluorescence size exclusion chromatography; where various detergents can be screened to determine the most appropriate for membrane protein solubilisation, the starting point for purification, crystallisation and structure determination.. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/172114 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 3, 2017; Membrane targets depicted to demonstrate the improved primary screening methodology are a copper transporter Ctr1p from S.cerevisiae and a water transporter Aqp4 from human origin.