a b s t r a c tIn this paper, a new approach based on adaptive Differential Evolution Technique (DET) is used to extract the parameters of solar cell models accurately. The adaption is achieved through crossover and mutation factor. It is indicated that the optimization with an objective function can minimize the difference between the estimated and measured values. In order to verify the performance of the proposed system, three different solar cell models: single diode model, double diode model, and photovoltaic module are used to extract the parameters. The analysis is performed by using the voltage and current data sets. The result shows that the proposed DET outperforms these other methods: chaos particle swarm optimization (CPSO), genetic algorithm (GA), harmony search algorithm (HSA), and artificial bee swarm optimization (ABSO). Furthermore, the DET technique is practically validated by two different solar cell types such as monocrystalline and multi-crystalline and modules. The performance of solar cell models has been verified and the outcome shows that it is an optimal method which suits the parameter extraction of solar cells and modules.

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Membrane-anchored receptors are essential cellular signaling elements for stimulus sensing, propagation, and transmission inside cells. However, the contributions of lipid interactions to the function and dynamics of embedded receptor kinases have not been described in detail. In this study, we used amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, a sensitive biophysical approach, to probe the dynamics of a membrane-embedded receptor kinase, EnvZ, together with functional assays to describe the role of lipids in receptor kinase function. Our results reveal that lipids play an important role in regulating receptor function through interactions with transmembrane segments, as well as through peripheral interactions with nonembedded domains. Specifically, the lipid membrane allosterically modulates the activity of the embedded kinase by altering the dynamics of a glycine-rich motif that is critical for phosphotransfer from ATP. This allostery in EnvZ is independent of membrane composition and involves direct interactions with transmembrane and periplasmic segments, as well as peripheral interactions with nonembedded domains of the protein. In the absence of the membrane-spanning regions, lipid allostery is propagated entirely through peripheral interactions. Whereas lipid allostery impacts the phosphotransferase function of the kinase, extracellular stimulus recognition is mediated via a four-helix bundle subdomain located in the cytoplasm, which functions as the osmosensing core through osmolality-dependent helical stabilization. Our findings emphasize the functional modularity in a membrane-embedded kinase, separated into membrane association, phosphotransferase function, and stimulus recognition. These components are integrated through long-range communication relays, with lipids playing an essential role in regulation.

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