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S U M M A R YAccurate earthquake locations are of primary importance when studying the seismicity of a given area, they allow important inferences on the ongoing seismo-tectonics. Both, for standard, as well as for earthquake relative location techniques, the velocity parameters are kept fixed to a priori values, that are assumed to be correct, and the observed traveltime residuals are minimized by adjusting the hypocentral parameters. However, the use of an unsuitable velocity model, can introduce systematic errors in the hypocentre location. Precise hypocentre locations and error estimate, therefore, require the simultaneous solution of both velocity and hypocentral parameters.We perform a simultaneous inversion of both the velocity structure and the hypocentre location in NE-Sicily and SW-Calabria (Italy). Since the density of the network is not sufficient for the identification of the 3-D structure with a resolution of interest here, we restrict ourselves to a 1-D inversion using the well-known code VELEST. A main goal of the paper is the analysis of the stability of the inverted model parameters. For this purpose we carry out a series of tests concerning the initial guesses of the velocity structure and locations used in the inversion. We further assess the uncertainties which originate from the finiteness of the available data set carrying out resampling experiments. From these tests we conclude that the data catalogue is sufficient to constrain the inversion. We note that the uncertainties of the inverted velocities increases with depth. On the other hand the inverted velocity structure depends decisively on the initial guess as they tend to maintain the overall shape of the starting model. In order to obtain an improved starting model we derive a guess for the probable depth of the Moho. For this purpose, we exploit considerations of the depth distribution of earthquake foci and of the shear strength of rock depending on its rheological behaviour at depth. In a second step we derive a smooth starting model and repeated the inversion. Strong discontinuities tend to attract hypocentre locations which may introduce biases to the earthquake location.Using the smooth starting model we obtaine again a rather smooth model as final solution which gives the best traveltime residuals among all models discussed in this paper. This poses severe questions as to the significance of velocity discontinuities inferred from rather vague a priori information. Besides this, the use of those smooth models widely avoids the problems of hypocentre locations being affected by sudden velocity jumps, an effect which can be extremely disturbing in relative location procedures. The differences of the velocity structure obtained with different starting models is larger than those encountered during the bootstrap test. This underscores the importance of the choice of the initial guess. Fortunately the effects of the uncertainties discussed here on the final locations turned out as limited, that is, less than 1 km for the horizontal co...

S U M M A R YA seismic array of 11 stations maintained for 9 years-from 1985 to 1994-provided data that were exploited for the investigation of the 3-D structure of the upper crust in the Gioia Tauro basin, south-western Calabria, Italy.A data set of 207 local earthquakes that were located with a minimum of seven observations, a traveltime residual of ≤0.3 s rms and an azimuthal gap ≤180 • was used to compute first a minimum 1-D velocity model for the Gioia Tauro region, which served as initial model for the subsequent 3-D inversion. The inversion for 3-D P-velocity crustal structure was performed by iteratively solving the coupled hypocentre-velocity problem in a least-squares sense. Careful analysis of the resolution capability of our data set outlines the well-resolved features for interpretation. The resulting 3-D velocity model of the Gioia Tauro region shows, in the upper crust, generally higher average velocities in the south and lower average velocities in the north. A pronounced northeast-southwest trending zone of low velocities in the upper 12 km was identified in the area of the Cittanova fault zone (CFZ). Because of the limited dimensions of the seismic array the half graben of Gioia Tauro basin could not be recognized in the tomographic images.

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A one-dimensional velocity model and station corrections for the Middle-Durance fault zone (south-eastern France) were computed by inverting P-wave arrival times recorded on a local seismic network of 8 stations. A total of 93 local events with a minimum of 6 P-phases, RMS 0.4 s and a maximum gap of 220°were selected.Comparison with previous earthquake locations shows an improvement for the relocated earthquakes. Tests were carried out to verify the robustness of inversion results in order to corroborate the conclusions drawn from our findings. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve routine earthquake locations and represents a further step toward more detailed seismotectonic studies in this area of south-eastern France.