A reduced band gap of ∼2 eV and an optimal band edge offset for water splitting with enhanced charge kinetics in the case of Bi 2 WO 6 remains a fixture in photocatalysis. Bulk Bi 2 WO 6 has a band gap of 2.8 eV; reducing the band gap by lattice modification increases recombination, while the size effect of nanoparticles increases the band gap. Herein, the synergistic effect of a reduced size effect and crystal structure modification is studied for novel BTWO [T = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni] nanostructures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm the formation of an isostructural orthorhombic pyrochlore phase in BTWO [Mn, Fe, and Ni] and a cubic phase in BiCrWO 6 . Raman and XPS results are consistent with XRD depicting the chemical states of the prepared samples. As a representative, BiCrWO 6 has shown the highest photocatalytic efficiency for the degradation of rhodamine B. The UV−visible analysis depicts a reduced band gap, UPS analysis reveals reduced work function and ionization energy. The charge carriers separation and migration are demonstrated using photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance studies. The ability to generate the radicals during the chemical reaction is analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance studies. A relation between electronegativity of the elements and their impact on the band dispersion in Bi 2 WO 6 nanostructures for visible light photocatalytic activity is detailed.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered one of the major causes of human death globally. Myocardial infarction (MI), characterized by a diminished flow of blood to the heart, presents the highest rate of morbidity and mortality among all other cardiovascular diseases. These fatal effects have triggered the need for early diagnosis of appropriate biomarkers so that countermeasures can be taken. Cardiac troponin, the central key element of muscle regulation and contraction, is the most specific biomarker for cardiac injury and is considered the “gold standard”. Due to its high specificity, the measurement of cardiac troponin levels has become the predominant indicator of MI. Various forms of diagnostic methods have been developed so far, including chemiluminescence, fluorescence immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, surface plasmon resonance, electrical detection, and colorimetric protein assays. However, fluorescence-based immunoassays are considered fast, accurate and most sensitive of all in the determination of cardiac troponins post-MI. This review represents the strategies, methods and levels of detection involved in the reported fluorescence-based immunoassays for the detection of cardiac troponin I.
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