Chemical composition and heat treatment were found to have an effect on the aqueous-stress corrosion of titanium. Aluminum contents greater than 5 per cent and oxygen contents greater than about 0.3 per cent caused appreciable sensitivity to stress corrosion. The additions of beta-isomorphous type alloying elements, such as molybdenum, were beneficial for titanium-aluminum alloys but showed no improvement for titanium-oxygen alloys. The amount of oxygen that could-be tolerated was reduced substantially by the addition of aluminum. Heat-treatment effects were very pronounced and not similar for the alloy systems investigated. The heat-treatment temperature for maximum sensitivity to stress corrosion increased from 1000 F for Ti-6Al alloys to 1200 F for Ti-8Al alloys. This corresponds to about 150 F below the estimated Ti3Al transus. The stress-corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was reduced as a result of long annealing times prior to exposure in the Ti3Al region. Long annealing times also promoted stress corrosion in titanium-oxygen alloys. Microscopic examination did not reveal significant changes with annealing time. This finding indicates the metallurgical factors affecting the stress corrosion resistance are related to submicroscopic changes.
Contractions of rabbit testicular capsules in vitro and in vivo in response to prostaglandin F2a, epinephrine, and acetylcholine were measured in the presence of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Contractions induced by these agents were markedly inhibited at 10-7 M concentrations of PGE1 in both preparations. Even so, lower levels of PGE1 (10-8 or 10-9 M) potentiated epinephrine- or acetylcholine-induced stimulation of increased tonus in vovo. Epinephrine, PGE1, and PGF2a caused increased tonus and contractions in vitro and in vovo; however, acetylcholine stimulated the testicular capsule much more in vivo than in vitro. The control log dose-response curve for epinephrine stimulation showed a slight decrease in the upper concentration range. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, more than overcame this decrease and also prevented a theophylline inhibition of epinephrine-induced contraction. Prostaglandin E1's bimodal effect gives it the ability to modulate testicular contractions by increasing stimulation by other agonists in vovo at low concentrations of PGE1 but inhibiting it at higher concentrations. Thus PGE1 is a potential regulator of testicular capsular motility and possibly sperm transport and hemodynamics.
Fatigue crack growth experiments were conducted on low alloy steel submerged arc weld metals representative of those used in the fabrication of pressure vessels. Variations of wire composition, flux type, and postweld heat treatments were used to produce weld deposits of different microstructures and tensile and toughness properties. Fatigue crack growth experiments were conducted on 25.4-mm (1-in.) thick modified wedge opening loaded (WOL) specimens at room temperature and 288 °C (550°F). A compliance calibration curve was developed at room temperature and adjusted for use with elevated temperature compliance measurements. Results of these experiments indicate: (a) a slight effect of flux type on crack growth rates, (b) incomplete tempering or relief of residual welding stress, or both, has an appreciable effect on crack growth behavior, (c) comparable or lower crack growth rates at 288°C (550°F) compared to room temperature, (d) comparable or lower crack growth rates than those predicted in Section XI of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, and (e) variations in crack growth rates due to wire, flux, and postweld heat treatment were less pronounced than the variations in toughness and tensile properties.
hold time. Total strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests and stress intensity factor range (AK)-controlled crack growth tests without and with hold times, as well as stress relaxation tests were conducted at high temperatures for a nickel-chromium-tungstenmolybdenum HAYNES 230 superalloy sheet material. The influences of test temperature and hold time on low-cycle fatigue and crack growth behavior were determined. The lowcycle fatigue life shows a strong dependence on test temperature and hold time. At all test conditions used in this investigation, the alloy exhibits strain hardening followed by softening. The crack growth rate per cycle was found to increase with longer hold time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations show that crack initiation occurred in either transgranular or intergranular mode, while the crack propagated in either transgranular or mixed transgranular and intergranular mode. These cracking modes were dependent on test temperature and
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