The total number of species of Myxosporidia reported up to date and described in the following pages, excluding 12 ambiguous forms, reaches 237 of which 125 are species which have been observed since 1910.* The distribution of these new forms is as follows: Africa 6 species Asia 23 species Australia 1 species Europe 31 species North America 63 species South America 1 species Thus, the majority of the species were observed in other lands than Europe, nearly half being recorded from North American waters. It is not hard to anticipate from the observations made by Awerinzew, Davis, Kudo, Mavor, Johnston and Bancroft, and others, that further investigations on the parasites in the localities where the study of the protozoa under consideration was neglected, will bring out not only new and interesting forms which will be quite different from the comparatively well studied European species, but also many important facts that will clear unknown or doubtful phases concerning the life history and structure of Myxosporidia. * Three species are included here which have been described (in Nipponese) by Miyairi in 1909. 247] STUDIES ON MYXOSPORIDIA-KUDO MYXOSPORIDIA RECORDED IN THE PRESENT PAPER LIST I Order MYXOSPORIDIA Biitschli I Suborder EURYSPOREA nom. nov. (see page 56) Genus 3 MYXOPROTEUS Doflein [3 species] 1) M. ambiguus (Thelohan) Doflein (type species) 2) M. cordiformis Davis 3) M. cornutus Davis Genus 4 WARDIA nov. gen. [2 species] 1) W. omnocua nov. spec, (type species) 2) W. ohlmacheri (Gurley) Kudo Genus 5 MITRASPORA Fujita emend. Kudo [3 species] 1) M. cyprini Fujita (type species) 2) M. caudata (Parisi) Kudo 3) M. elongata nov. spec. 1) M. lieberkUhni Butschli (type species) 2) M. incurvatum Thelohan 3) M. sphaericum Thelohan 4) M. histophilum Thelohan 5) M. sp. Gurley 6) M. danilewskyi Laveran 7) M. giganteum Doflein 8) M. barbatidae Cepede 9) M. giardi Cepede 10) M. pjeiferi Auerbach 11) M. inflatum Auerbach 12) M. bergense Auerbach 13) M. proccrum Auerbach 14) M. mackiei Bosanquet 15) M. macrocapsulare Auerbach 16) M. sp. Awerinzew 17) M. depressum Parisi 18) M. oviforme Parisi 19) M. anguillae Ishii 20) M. sp. Mavor 21) M. gadi Georgevitch 22) M. glulinosum Davis 23) M. phyttium Davis 24) M. striatum Cunha et Fonseca 25) M. kagayamai nov. spec. 26) M. americanum nov. spec. Genus 2 SPHAEROMYXA Thelohan [7 species] 1) 5. balbianii Thelohan (type species) 2) S. immersa (Lutz) Thelohan 3) 5. incunata Doflein 4) 5. sabrazcsi Laveran et Mesnil 5) S. hellandi Auerbach 6) S. exneri Awerinzew 7) 5. gasterostei GeorgeVitch Genus 3 ZSCHOKKELLA Auerbach [4 species] 1) Z. hildae Auerbach (type species) 2) Z. nova Klokacewa 3) Z. acheilognalhi Kudo 4) Z. globulosa Davis 249]

Between 15,000 and 20,000 species of Protozoa are known to man. From comparatively simple forms such as Amoeba, up to highly complicated organisms as represented by numerous ciliates, the Protozoa vary exceedingly in their body organization, morphological characteristics, behavior, habitat, etc., which necessitates a taxonomic arrangement for proper consideration as set forth in detail in chapters 8 to 44. Relationship of protozoology to other fields of biological scienceA brief consideration of the relationship of Protozoology to other fields of biology and its possible applications may not be out of place here. Since the Protozoa are single-celled animals manifesting the characteristics common to all living things, they have been studied by numerous investigators with a view to dis-obtained in conjunction with the studies of the free-living organisms, a general knowledge of the entire phylum is necessary to understand the parasitic forms.Recent studies have further revealed that almost all domestic animals are hosts to numerous parasitic Protozoa, many of which and the mesozoic eras, and are also identified with the clays and other formations of the miocene period. Thus knowledge of these two orders of Sarcodina, at least, is essential for the student of geology and paleontology. The history of protozoologyAside from a comparatively small number of large forms. Protozoa are unobservable with the naked eye, so that we can easily understand why they were unknown prior to the invention of the microscope. Antony van Leeuwenhoek is commonly recog-were Vorticella, Stylonychia, Carchesium, Volvox, Haematococcus, Coleps, Kerona, Anthophysis, Elphidium, Polytoma, etc. According to Dobell, Huygens gave in 1678 "unmistakable descriptions of Chilodon(ella), Paramecium, Astasia and Vorticella, all found in infusions." Colpoda was seen by Bonanni (1691) and Harris (1696) rediscovered Euglena. In 1718 there appeared the first treatise on microscopic organisms, particularly of Protozoa, by Joblot who emphasized the non-existence of abiogenesis by using boiled hay-infusions in which no Infusoria developed without exposure to the atmosphere. This experiment confirmed that of Redi who, some forty years before, had made his well-known experiments by excluding flies from meat. Joblot illustrated, according to Woodruff (1937), Paramecium, the slipper animalcule, with the first identifiable figure. Trembley (1745) studied division in some ciliates, including probably Paramecium, which generic name was coined by Hill in 1752. Noctiluca w^as first described by Baker (1753). Rosel von Rosenhoff (1755) observed an organism, possibly either Pelomyxa carolineyisis Wilson (Chaos chaos Linnaeus (Schaeffer, 1926)) or a mycetozoan (Mast and Johnson, 1931), which he called "der kleine Proteus," and also Vorticella, Stentor, and Volvox. Wrisberg (1764) coined the term "Infusoria" (Dujardin; Woodruff). By using the juice of geranium, Ellis (1770) caused the extrusion of the 'fins' (trichocysts) in Paramecium. Eichhorn (1783) observed the heliozo...

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PROTOZOOLOGY adopted, since it includes undoubted animals and plants, thus creating an equal amount of confusion between it and the animal or the plant. Calkins (1933) excluded chromatophore-bearing Mastigophora from his treatment of Protozoa, thus placing organisms similar in every way, except the presence or absence of chromatophores, in two different (animal and plant) groups. This intermingling of characteristics between the two groups of microorganisms shows clearly their close interrelationship and suggests strongly their common ancestry.Although the majority of Protozoa are solitary and the body is composed of a single cell, there are several forms in which the organism is made up of more than one cell. These forms, which are called colonial Protozoa (p. 173), are well represented by the members of Phytomastigina, in which the individuals are either joined by cytoplasmic threads or embedded in a common matrix. These cells are alike both in structure and in function, although in a few forms there may be a differentiation of the individuals into reproductive and vegetative cells. Unlike the cells in a metazoan which form tissues, these vegetative cells of colonial Protozoa are not so dependent upon other cells as are the cells in Metazoa; therefore, they do not form any true tissue. The reproductive cells produce zygotes through sexual fusion, which subsequently undergo repeated division and may produce a stage comparable with the blastula stage of a metazoan, but never reaching the gastrula stage. Thus, colonial Protozoa are only cell-aggregates without histological differentiation and may thus be distinguished from the Metazoa.An enormous number of species of Protozoa are known to man.From comparatively simple forms such as Amoeba, up to highly complicated organisms as represented by numerous ciliates, the Protozoa vary exceedingly in their body organization, morphological characteristics, behavior, habitat, etc., which necessitates a taxonomic arrangement for proper consideration as set forth in detail in Chapters 8 to 44. Relationship of protozoology to other fields of biological science A brief consideration of the relationship of Protozoology to other fields of biology and its possible applications may not be out of place here. Since the Protozoa are single-celled animals manifesting the characteristics common to all living things, they have been studied by numerous investigators with a view to discovering the nature and mechanism of various phenomena, the years, it has now become known that some 25 species of Protozoa occur in man. Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, and four species of Plasmodium, all of which are pathogenic to man, are widely distributed throughout the world. In certain restricted areas are found other pathogenic forms, such as Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Since all parasitic Protozoa presumably have originated in free-living forms and since our knowledge of the morphology, physiology, and reproduction of the parasitic forms has largely been obtained in conjunction with the stu...

This paper is divided into two parts. The first part deals with a preliminary observation made by the author from August 12 to September 11, 1930, under the auspices of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, on some parasitic Protozoa of fishes inhabiting the main water systems of the state. The second part gives the descriptions of several newspecies and additional information on a few already known species of Myxosporidia observed during this survey and also in the fishes which have been collected by Dr. D. H. Thompson, Zoologist of the Survey, from various parts of the state in connection with his work over a period of several years. The author is indebted to Dr. Thompson for these materials placed at his disposal and for assistance during the month of field study. Thanks are also due to Mr. F. D. Hunt of the Survey, who was instrumental in the collection of material on the Fox River. The specimens are deposited in the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survej' at Urbana. PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES OF FISHES OF ILLINOIS Various protozoan parasites are known to occur in freshwater fishes. Certain ciliates, for example, Ichthyophthirius and Cyclochaeta, if present in large numbers, have been found to become the causes of epidemic diseases in freshwater fishes. Among Mastigophora and Sarcodina are found some species which parasitize fishes, although their elifect upon the host is as a rule less noticeable. A group of Sporozoa known as Myxosporidia is, however, almost exclusively parasitic in fishes (Kudo, 1920). While numerous Myxosporidia occur in organ cavities, such as the gall bladder, urinary bladder, ureter or uriniferous tubules of the kidney, they do not ordinarily seem to exercise any harmful effects upon the body of the host. On the other hand, the Mj'xosporidia which attack tissues of the host produce various histopathologic changes which hinder the normal functions of the organs concerned, and appear in many cases to cause the death of the host. Death is due, not only to these protozoan parasites as the primary causes, but also to secondary bacterial or fungous infections of the affected tissues. Instances are not uncommon in which infection assumes an epidemic form and so damages the fishes that thev become unmarketable or unattractive to the consumer, as in the "wormy" halibut of the Pacific coast (Davis).