The K, L, and higher atomic shell x-ray fluorescence yield measured data, covering the period 1978 to 1993, following the major previous compilations by Bambynek et al. (1972) and Krause (1979), are reviewed. An annotated bibliography of x-ray fluorescence yield measurements, analyses, fits and tables 1978–1993 is presented. Comparisons of the fluorescence yields ωk, ω̄L, and ω̄M, based on measurements, and on theoretical models, are presented. Values of ωK, ω̄L, and ω̄M, fitted to standard empirical parametric formulations, are presented. In addition, selected well-characterized measured ωK, ω̄L, and ω̄M results restricted to the period 1978–1993 are listed. These selected measured values are fitted by least squares to polynomials in Z of the form ∑nanZn and compared with theoretical and with earlier fitted values. A section on application of fluorescence yield data to computations of x-ray energy-absorption coefficients is included.
The effect of automobile exhaust on the distribution of trace elements with special reference to Pb and its modulation following Cu, Zn, and Fe supplementation, in mouse organs, has been studied using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique. Seven elements, namely K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Pb, were detected in all the organs. The maximum concentration of Pb was found in lungs followed by that in liver and kidney. The effect of automobile exhaust was found to be significant on the concentrations of Fe and Pb; their concentrations were found to increase in all the organs. However, the concentrations of Cu and Zn were found to be decreased significantly in the liver. In the animals given Fe, Cu, or Zn supplementation along with motor exhaust, the percentage change in the concentration of Pb in lungs was decreased, and that of Fe was increased significantly. In kidney, no significant change was observed for the animals given Cu and Zn, whereas for animals given Fe, the level of Pb decreased significantly. In liver, the reduction in the level of Zn in the exhaust-exposed animals was made up and the level of Pb was reduced following Zn supplementation. These results clearly indicate that Fe and Zn play an important role in Pb metabolism and tend to lower the absorption of Pb. The effect of Fe is more pronounced than that of Zn, whereas the effect of Cu seems to be insignificant.
M-shell x-ray production/fluorescence (M XRF) cross-sections for five elements with 81 < Z < 92 were measured at 5.96-keV incident photon energy using thin targets. From the measured M XRF cross-sections the average M-shell fluorescence yields were derived. Experimental results for XRF cross-sections and fluorescence yields were compared with theory. The experimental results were found to be higher than the theoretical valws by 1047%. Further experimental investigations on M XRF cross-sections for more elements at different excitation energies are required in order to check the validity of the theoretical parameters used to calculate the M XRF crosssections.
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