This study shows the interaction between the solid particles with water flow occurring caused by the piping erosion phenomenon. This modelling study was executed by using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) as a numerical approach with the DualSPHysics platform. The water flow is assumed as laminar flow with a low Reynolds number of 100 and 200. The solid particle is modelled as a circular-shaped particle with a fixed position. The result evaluated in this research is the coefficient of hydrodynamics force on the solid particle. In the case of interaction between one circular-shaped solid particle against the water flow, it is found that by increasing the size of volume control, the output will have higher accuracy. The accuracy of this model is also improved by elongating the maximum time simulation to ensure that the SPH particle has spread evenly throughout the volume control. In the case of interaction between two solid particles against water flow at different distances, it is found that increasing the distance between the two particles reduce the force, drag coefficient, and lift coefficient of each particle. Furthermore, the increase of distance between the two particles makes vortices form in a single dominant frequency and it affects the strouhal number.
Liquefaction usually occurs on a saturated sand deposit when the pore water pressure increases during the earthquake, and the water level will rise that could even burst out above the liquefied layer. If there is a relatively impermeable soil layer above the liquefied one, then the water could be trapped between the liquefied soil and other layers on the top. This research tries to develop a numerical model to simulate the phenomenon using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. SPH is a numerical method based on particle interactions that initially developed to solve the problems in astrophysics. Two sets of particles are assigned to behave like water and impermeable soil, where the thin layer of water is placed between two layers of soil. The model is built using the Fortran programming language developed in the previous research to simulate the impermeable layer’s behavior by controlling the stiffness coefficient and coefficient of damping. The soil and water layers are aligned at specific angles to simulate the field’s sloping surface condition. The simulation results are presented in graphical animation using Gnuplot and visually checked that the particle’s movement could represent the field’s actual movements.
Scouring Phenomenon directly occurs on materials due to the motion of water flow and water borne sediments that researchers in the world continue to investigate. Scouring are then continuously developed in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to be able to estimate scouring effects by analyzing interaction between fluid and solid. Water and solid interaction can be researched by realizing three dimensional numerical modeling (3D) using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method which is modeling and visualizing fluid behavior with a Lagrangian approach in particle scale (micro scale), a more particle approach realistic than the grid approach. Using this method, the results of each particle can be reviewed either by their property values or visually so that the results are obtained more representatives. One of the factors affecting fluid-solid modeling is spacing ratio between solid particle and fluid particle. To obtain the correct physical results, it is required to consider the influence of spacing ratio and the value of Stiffness Coefficient (Ks) needed.
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