This study relies on a comparative assessment of diarrhea occurrence in two urban slums to identify salient factors influencing case prevalence. Primary data were collected from both areas using a structured closed-ended questionnaire coupled with bottled and public water quality sampling and analysis at households reporting diarrhea cases. The water quality analysis showed contamination at the household level due primarily to the location of water storage tanks, as well as in some brands of bottled water due to lack of enforcement of source monitoring. Descriptive statistics and chi-square distribution tests revealed significant difference in diarrhea cases in both study areas which was correlated with the educational level of household head, financial status, type of water storage tank, and corresponding cleaning frequency as well as the adoption of measures to treat water or the use of bottled water.
The Jordan River Basin (JRB) has presented for long a sensitive water management challenge due to its direct association with water scarcity and socio-political conflicts amongst its riparians. This study emphasizes the limitations of existing bilateral agreements with respect to water allocation and argues for the potential of using renewable energy to catalyse a more lasting agreement within the basin based on mutual interest and benefit sharing beyond the river with third party involvement under the context of a "Positive Apportionment Framework". A SWOT analysis for the framework indicated that while there are incentives for all riparians and for third parties to collaborate towards attractive benefits, there are equally challenging weaknesses and threats. In an effort to rank the relative importance of these factors, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied. Responses from experts indicated that the highest influencing factors were the external threats stemming from regional politics and existing instability. These were followed by the weakness of the framework's ability to operate under existing economic disparities, regulatory and institutional discrepancies among riparian states, as well as deep-rooted socio-political conflicts between riparians. Still, highly influencing strengths and opportunities exist to build upon, such as the need to enhance water supply under an integrated water resources management and the potential for the framework to balance the bargaining power between riparians.
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