Background:India has the highest tuberculosis (TB) burden, accounting for one-fifth of the global incidence and two-third of the cases in Southeast Asia with an estimated 1.9 million new cases every year. Identifying and treating latent TB infection (LTBI) can reduce the risk of development of active disease by up to 90%, thereby decreasing a major burden to the prevalence of the disease, and thus reducing potential sources in future.Aim:Early diagnosis of LTBI by tuberculin skin test (TST) and a newer interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).Materials and Methods:Seventy-seven clinically asymptomatic household contacts (≤18 years) of confirmed pulmonary TB patients were enrolled to compare the performance of TST and IGRA to diagnose LTBI. At baseline, all participants underwent testing for IGRA and TST.Results:TST showed positivity of 22%, while IGRA demonstrated positivity of 40% in the diagnosis of latent TB. Kappa value at 95% confidence interval was 0.4753, indicates a moderate agreement between the two tests. This indicates that IGRA is a better predictor of latent TB. Maximum positive percentage was in the age group of 16–18 years in both the tests followed by 1–5 years.Aim:Early diagnosis of LTBI by tuberculin skin test (TST) and a newer interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).
To study the mortality pattern in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)in a low resource teaching hospital.METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted over a period of three years from January 2011 to December 2013. The medical records of all babies who died after being admitted to the NICU were reviewed. Survival was defined as the discharge of a live infant from the hospital. Data regarding birth weight, gestational age, final cause of death and diagnosis was analyzed. Exclusion criteria were to exclude (A) babies who came in the NICU for a few hours observation and were shifted to mother. (B) Any baby who could not be successfully resuscitated in labor room and (C) babies who left the hospital against medical advice and calculation of survival was done after subtracting them from total admission.RESULTS: A total of 1031 babies were admitted in this 3 year period in our NICU. Out of these, 95.5% babies survived and 46 babies expired (4.4%). The total number of deliveries in these three years was 5400 and the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in this study was 8.5% per 1000 live births. In the very low birth weight (VLBW) group the survival was 92% (n=101) and in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) group it was 60% (n=10). In low birth weight (LBW) group 95.1% babies survived (n=502). Total Survival of VLBW & ELBW together was 89%. Out of 46 expired babies 86.9% (n=40) were premature and 45.6% babies (n=21) were below 30 weeks of gestational age. Sepsis was the predominant cause of death (34.7%) followed by hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (19.2%) and Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) (15.2%) in these 46 babies.CONCLUSIONS: This study identified neonatal sepsis, Hyaline membrane disease or Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and HIE as the major contributors to the neonatal mortality. Adequate antenatal care to at risk mothers and advances in the neonatal intensive care with the use of sophisticated technology will improve the neonatal outcome.
Background: ROP is a disorder of the developing retinal blood vessels in the premature infant retina. Objective of present study is to determine the number of babies affected with ROP among the premature and low birth weight babies admitted to neonatal intensive care unit or attending neonatal follow up clinic at RRMCH Hospital during a period of one year.Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital Bangalore for 12 months. All eligible babies were screened at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit where temperature is well controlled and the place to handle any emergencies. The pupils were dilated using 2.5% phenylephrine and 0.5% tropicamide eye drops instilled three times into each eye at intervals of 15 minutes about one hour before the scheduled examination.Results: 100 babies were screened and followed up. The incidence of ROP is 40%. Gestational age (<37weeks) and low birth weight (2500g) are important risk factors for ROP. Our study concluded that ROP is an important complication of prematurity.Conclusions: The present study highlights the magnitude of the problem due to ROP in a tertiary care centre. Meticulous fundus examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy in all preterm babies with gestational age <37weeks and birth weight ≤2500gms is essential non invasive method for early detection of ROP and its progression.
The present study to investigated that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root colonization and spore population in some medicinal at Yellanahalli hills, valley view of Nilgiris, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu, India.Root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected during the month of August, 2017 - March, 2018 Soil pHwas to be recorded. From the study results revealed that totally 25 plant species belonging to 13 families were recorded root colonization and rhizosphere spore population. A totally 12 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species belonging to 7 genera and 2 different Orders were isolated and identified. The maximum sporepopulation was found in the rhizosphere soil samples of Justicia procumbens (380 /100 g of soil) which belongs to the family Acanthaceae and the lowest spore population was observed in the Crotalarieae juncea(102 / 100 g of soil) belongs to Fabaceae. Among these plant species the highest 81% AM fungal infection wasfound in roots of Solanum nigrum belongs to the family Solanaceae While the lowest 23 % AM fungal association was found in the root of Verbascum thapsus belongs to Scrophulariaceae.
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