A pot experiment was carried out with a sterilized soil to compare the enhancement of growth due to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculation in maize cultivars that differ in downy mildew resistance (DMR) and in their fertilizer requirements to attain maximum yields. A 4 x 3 factorial in complete randomized block design with 3 replications was employed. The first factor comprised two open-pollinated maize cultivars and two maize hybrids. The former two were Suwan-1 selection cycle 0 (SW1C0), a non-DMR cultivar and Suwan-1 selection cycle 11 (SW1C11), a cultivar with high yield at high soil fertility and DMR. The latter two were Suwan 2301 (SW2301), a cultivar requiring low rates of N and P fertilizers, and Suwan 3851 (SW3851), a cultivar requiring high rates of N and P fertilizers, both of which were downy mildew resistant. The second factor comprised three AM fungal inoculation practices, namely, non-inoculated with AM fungi, inoculated with Scutellospora fulgida and inoculated with Glomus aggregatum. The DMR and non-DMR maize cultivars gave comparable responses to AM fungi. The cultivar requiring high rate of fertilizers was lower in its response to AM fungi in P and K uptake than the cultivar requiring low rate of fertilizers. The lower response in P uptake was explained by higher P utilization efficiency of the cultivar whereas the lower response in K uptake was not related to K utilization efficiency of the cultivar. The maize cultivars lower in nutrient (N, P and K) efficiencies or in shoot dry weight gave greater responses to AM fungi in shoot dry weight.
A pot experiment was carried out with a sterilized soil to compare the enhancement of growth due to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculation in maize cultivars that differ in downy mildew resistance (DMR) and in their fertilizer requirements to attain maximum yields. A 4 x 3 factorial in complete randomized block design with 3 replications was employed. The first factor comprised two open-pollinated maize cultivars and two maize hybrids. The former two were Suwan-1 selection cycle 0 (SW1C0), a non-DMR cultivar and Suwan-1 selection cycle 11 (SW1C11), a cultivar with high yield at high soil fertility and DMR. The latter two were Suwan 2301 (SW2301), a cultivar requiring low rates of N and P fertilizers, and Suwan 3851 (SW3851), a cultivar requiring high rates of N and P fertilizers, both of which were downy mildew resistant. The second factor comprised three AM fungal inoculation practices, namely, non-inoculated with AM fungi, inoculated with Scutellospora fulgida and inoculated with Glomus aggregatum. The DMR and non-DMR maize cultivars gave comparable responses to AM fungi. The cultivar requiring high rate of fertilizers was lower in its response to AM fungi in P and K uptake than the cultivar requiring low rate of fertilizers. The lower response in P uptake was explained by higher P utilization efficiency of the cultivar whereas the lower response in K uptake was not related to K utilization efficiency of the cultivar. The maize cultivars lower in nutrient (N, P and K) efficiencies or in shoot dry weight gave greater responses to AM fungi in shoot dry weight.
In Thailand, the site-specific nutrient management technology, known as "Tailor-made Fertilizer Technology (TFT)", for rice, maize and sugarcane in the Northeastern region was developed between 1997-2007, using the concepts of precision agriculture together with an approach of building capacity of small farmers. TFT, also called Smart-farming, comprises four components, namely 1) soil series identification, 2) N-P-K testing by soil test kit, 3) fertilizer recommendations using decision-aids and a simplified version of a complex model and 4) farmer empowerment. The benefit of TFT at the rice field of the Huay Kamin chairman farmer group was one example, the technology has been disseminated to the 80 members with a total planting area of about 320 ha. The results revealed chemical fertilizer reduction of 69%, and rice yield increased some 10%-20% with the improved fertilizer application method. The farmers were encouraged to establish "Soil Clinics" in their communities. In a Soil Clinic, designated and trained farmer leaders analyze soil samples for member farmers and provide TFT recommendations while providing access to fertilizer materials available for sale at competitive prices. At present, there are about 70 soil clinics in 20 provinces with the support of many government and private sectors.
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