Dark green leafy vegetables (DGLVs) are considered as important sources of iron and vitamin A. However, iron concentration may not indicate bioaccessibility. The objectives of this study were to compare the nutrient content and iron bioaccessibility of five sweet potato cultivars, including three orange-fleshed types, with other commonly consumed DGLVs in Ghana: cocoyam, corchorus, baobab, kenaf and moringa, using the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Moringa had the highest numbers of iron absorption enhancers on an “as-would-be-eaten” basis, β-carotene (14169 μg/100 g; p < 0.05) and ascorbic acid (46.30 mg/100 g; p < 0.001), and the best iron bioaccessibility (10.28 ng ferritin/mg protein). Baobab and an orange-fleshed sweet potato with purplish young leaves had a lower iron bioaccessibility (6.51 and 6.76 ng ferritin/mg protein, respectively) compared with that of moringa, although these three greens contained similar (p > 0.05) iron (averaging 4.18 mg/100 g) and β-carotene levels. The ascorbic acid concentration of 25.50 mg/100 g in the cooked baobab did not enhance the iron bioaccessibility. Baobab and the orange-fleshed sweet potato with purplish young leaves contained the highest levels of total polyphenols (1646.75 and 506.95 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents/100 g, respectively; p < 0.001). This suggests that iron bioaccessibility in greens cannot be inferred based on the mineral concentration. Based on the similarity of the iron bioaccessibility of the sweet potato leaves and cocoyam leaf (a widely-promoted “nutritious” DGLV in Ghana), the former greens have an added advantage of increasing the dietary intake of provitamin A.
PurposeIron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a global public health problem. Treatment with the standard of care ferrous iron salts may be poorly tolerated leading to noncompliance and ineffective correction of IDA. Employing supplements with higher bioavailability might permit lower doses of iron to be used with fewer side effects, thus improving treatment efficacy. Here we compared the iron bioavailability of ferrous sulphate tablets with alternative commercial iron products, including three liquid based supplements. MethodsIron bioavailability was measured using Caco-2 cells with ferritin formation as a surrogate marker for iron uptake. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by either Dunnett's or Tukey's multiple comparisons tests. Results Spatone Apple® (a naturally iron-rich mineral water with added ascorbate) and IronVital F ® (a synthetic liquid iron supplement) had the highest iron bioavailability.There was no statistical difference between iron uptake from ferrous sulphate tablets, Spatone ® (naturally iron-rich mineral water alone) and Pregnacare Original ® (a multimineral/vitamin tablet). ConclusionIn our in vitro model naturally iron-rich mineral waters and synthetic liquid iron formulations have equivalent or better bioavailability compared with ferrous iron sulphate tablets. If these results are confirmed in vivo, this would mean that at risk groups for IDA could be offered a greater choice of more bioavailable and potentially better tolerated iron preparations.
A bacterium with the general properties of a member of the family Pseudomonadaceae has been isolated from infusions of decaying marine algae (Nova Scotia). The organism possesses rigid, randomly arranged appendages that are nonprosthecate and can best be described as "echinuliform" (spinelike).During a survey of bacterial populations in infusions of decaying marine algae (Fink Cove, Nova Scotia), 60 organisms were isolated in pure culture. One of these possessed, in addition t o a polar monotrichous flagellum, numerous straight spines (Fig. 1). After subculturing this organism for 3 months at 20 C on ZoBell medium (7), it was observed that both the proportion of cells with spines and the number of spines per cell had greatly decreased when compared with the original isolate. In contrast, many more cells were flagellated. Subculturing such cultures at 35 C resulted in the production of many spines by most cells, but these failed t o produce flagella (Fig. 2).The bacterium is gram-negative and in young cultures is a coccobacillus measuring 1 t o 1.5 pm with rounded, somewhat pointed ends. In older cultures, long rods, as well as enlarged forms, are common. The organism occurs singly or, especially when spines are present, in clumps. When motile, a monotrichous polar flagellum is present with a wavelength of approximately 1.8 pm. The location of spines is unrestricted, and they measure about 70 nm in diameter and 1 to 3 pm in length. Striations, present on the surface of the spines, are 12 nm apart. Usually, either spines or a flagellum are present, but both have rarely been observed on the same cell.Colonies grown on ZoBell seawater agar for 48 h at 20 C measure 2 mm in diameter and are umbonate, fimbriate, and unpigmented. Growth on slants is filiform with a slight erose edge.The bacterium is a facultative aerobe with an optimum growth temperature of 32 C. The organism will not grow in the absence of salt, and all media used for its cultivation are reconstituted in synthetic seawater containing 3% salt. Acid (as measured by pH change), but not gas, is produced from lactose, glucose, sucrose, galactose, mannose, and arabinose. Urea is hydrolyzed, catalase and oxidase are produced, but gelatin is not liquefied. Indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and nitrate reduction tests are all negative. Acetic acid is not produced from 5% ethanol. The guanine plus cytosine content of the bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid, as determined by buoyant density measurement, is 57.7%. These properties are typical of certain members of the family Pseudo m o nadaceae.To date only three reports of bacteria with spines as described herein have been made. Leifson ( 3 ) isolated an organism from the DuPage river near Chicago, but he was unable to maintain it in the spined form in pure culture. Staley (6) observed an organism with similar appearance in fresh water from the Putah Creek overflow (Davis, Calif.) and described it as possessing type 5 appendages, but he did not culture it. Moll and Ahrens (4) isolated a bacterium, thought t o be ...
MCBRIDE, R. P. 1969. A microbiological control of Melampsorn medusae. Can. J. Botany, 47: 711-715.Bacill~ts cereus Frankland and Frankland, Bacillrts mycoides Flugge, and a third unidentified species of Bacillus occurred commonly as part of the saprophytic microflora on healfhy foliage of P.seudotsr~ga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. In greenhouse experiments, application of a mixture of nutrient broth cultures of these bacteria on P. menziesii seedlings resulted in control of the needle rust Melampsora medusae Thiim. Less effective control occurred when aqueous suspensions of the bacteria and cell-free (Milliporefiltered) filtrates of the nutrient broth cultures were applied to the seedlings, before inoculation.
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