We report the production of carbon-based xerogel film without the need for supercritical drying. Xerogel samples were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and electrical conductivity and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Experimental results reveal that the film is largely crack free and homogeneous in thickness, and, importantly, has high surface area, large nanopore volume, and an excellent performance for electrical charge storage-both per unit mass and unit volume. These results indicate that the film has potential applications for electrical energy storage devices.
A hydroxyapatite, HAP, film was deposited on a titanium substrate in an aqueous solution, at an ambient temperature and ambient pressure. The solution included 3 mmoldm-3 Ca(H2PO4)2 and 7 mmol dm-3 CaCl2 at pH 5.5. The temperature of the substrate surface was controlled in both methods of applying alternative current through the Ti foil and high frequency induction heating using Ti ingot. In these methods, the substrate was heated up and the temperature gradient was formed between the substrate and the solution. The effects of surface temperature, fluoride ions, additive inhibitor and heating time on the morphology of HAP crystals formed on Ti substrate were investigated in various conditions. The morphology changed from compact layer to dendrite layer with the HAP growing time in AC current method and the HAP film with the thickness of 200 μm can be obtained on Ti foil with cross section of 30 μm × 2mm by heating for 20 min at 20 A-AC. On the other hand, the deposits consisted of algae-like whisker in the induction heating method. The HAP formation is found to take place only on the substrate surface by these substrate heating methods without HAP precipitation in aqueous solution
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