Direct observation of the time dependence of the yield of e, produced in water by nanosecond pulses of 3 MeV protons is reported for the first time. From the effect of added hydroxide ion, G(eJ is estimated to be at least 3.6 at lo-'' s, falling to 2.3 at lO-'s. The experimental measurements do not agree with predictions of the present diffusion model; modificatioiis to improve the model are discussed.Reaction (1) describes the radiolysis of water at about lo-' s after the passage of the ionising particle through the medium
Figure 6. Differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses of copper sulfate pentahydrate A. Closed sample holder 6.Free diffusion sample holder Pentahydrate decomposes to trihydrate, monohydrate, and finally anhydrous cupric sulfate. Only evidence suggesting a tetrahydrate is result of deliberate restriction of water vapor. Thermogravimetric heating rate 2°/min. 75 °per hour. The weight loss appeared as a single step in a shallow pan.Unless the data from each technique have some real significance, attempts to relate them are seldom gainful even when apparently successful. Each set of data must be in itself meaningfuli.e., the reaction must have been carried out under reproducible and known conditions. These conditions must include one of the extremes of atmosphere accessibility or a dynamic atmosphere of known composition.
Background: Landslides can cause substantial environmental, social and economic impacts. Under future climate scenarios the frequency of landslide-triggering events is likely to increase. Land managers, therefore, urgently require reliable high-resolution landslide susceptibility models to inform effective landslide risk assessment and management.
Methods: In this study, gridded rainfall, topography, lithology and land cover surfaces were used to develop a high-resolution (10 m x 10 m) spatial model of landslides that occurred in Tasman, New Zealand during a period when ex-tropical Cyclone Gita brought heavy rain to the region. We separately modelled landslides in the same dataset as a function of the erosion susceptibility classification (ESC) data layer used to determine the level of control applied to forestry activities under the National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF). Models were fit using boosted regression trees.
Results: Our preferred model had excellent predictive power (AUROC = 0.93) and included the parameters: aspect, elevation, mid-slope position, land cover, rainfall, slope, and a descriptive seven-class topographical index. Land cover, elevation, rainfall, slope and aspect were the strongest predictors of landslides with the land cover classes ‘seral native vegetation’ and clear-felled plantation forest’ predicting higher probabilities of landslides and tall native forest and closed canopy plantation forest predicting lower probabilities of landslides. The ESC was a poor predictor of landslides in the study area (AUROC = 0.65).
Conclusions: Our study shows that accurate, high-resolution landslide probability surfaces can be developed from landslide distribution, land cover, topographical and rainfall data. We also show that landslide occurrence in the Tasman region could be substantially reduced by increasing the extent of permanent forest cover and by limiting clear-fell harvest of plantation forests on landslide-prone slopes. The ESC framework that underpins the NES-PF was a poor predictor of landslides and, therefore, an unreliable basis for regulating forestry activities in the Tasman, New Zealand.
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