The mandibular foramen is a landmark for procedures like inferior alveolar nerve block, mandibular implant treatment, and mandibular osteotomies. The present study was aimed to identify the precise location of the mandibular foramen and the incidence of accessory mandibular foramen in dry adult mandibles of South Indian population. The distance of mandibular foramen from the anterior border of the ramus, posterior border of the ramus, mandibular notch, base of the mandible, third molar, and apex of retromolar trigone was measured with a vernier caliper in 204 mandibles. The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the anterior border of ramus of mandible was 17.11±2.74 mm on the right side and 17.41±3.05 mm on the left side, from posterior border was 10.47±2.11 mm on the right side and 9.68±2.03 mm on the left side, from mandibular notch was 21.74±2.74 mm on the right side and 21.92±3.33 mm on the left side, from the base of the ramus was 22.33±3.32 mm on the right side and 25.35±4.5 mm on the left side, from the third molar tooth was 22.84±3.94 mm on the right side and 23.23±4.21 mm on the left side, from the apex of retromolar trigone was 12.27±12.13 mm on the right side and 12.13±2.35 mm on the left side. Accessory mandibular foramen was present in 32.36% of mandibles. Knowledge of location mandibular foramen is useful to the maxillofacial surgeons, oncologists and radiologists.

Background:The bicipital groove (BG) or intertubercular sulcus lies between the greater and lesser tubercles on the proximal end of humerus. This groove acts as a useful landmark for proper placement of lateral fin of a prosthesis in shoulder replacement surgery. The variations of BG may lead to various pathologies of biceps tendon which is one of the common causes of shoulder pain. Hence this study is undertaken to examine the various morphometric parameters of BG in South Indian population. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 98 dry human humeri (48 right side and 50 left side) belonging to south Indian race. The length, depth and width of BG were measured with digital vernier calliper. The opening and medial wall angles of BG were measured with help of scale and goniometer. Results:The mean length of medial wall, lateral wall, width and depth of BG were 23 ± 4 mm, 31 ± 4 mm, 8.4 ± 01 mm and 5 ± 1 mm respectively. The average medial wall angle and opening angles of BG were 48.72 ± 9.37° and 82.9 ± 20.5° respectively. The supratubercular ridge of Meyer was observed in 26.5 % of humerus. Conclusion:We hope that this study will be an important reference for anthropologists, clinical anatomists and for scientific research.

Background: The coronary sinus is a dilated venous channel opening into the right atrium of the heart. The coronary venous system has gained importance in recent years for electrophysiological procedures like arrhythmia ablation, biventricular pacing and implantation of cardiac pacemakers. The present study aims to study the formation and tributaries of coronary sinus and also the morphology of thebesian valve.

The renal arteries are lateral branches of abdominal aorta which divide into segmental branches to supply a segment of the kidney. Accessory renal arteries have been commonly reported in literature. The arterial branching pattern is very much varied. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 30 pairs of formalin fixed human cadaveric kidneys with intact renal artery and renal veins removed along with a part of abdominal aorta and IVC. The presence of accessory renal arteries, branching pattern of renal arteries, and length and width of renal arteries were noted. Results: Accessory renal arteries were noted in 3 kidneys (5%). One left kidney was supplied by 3 renal arteries arising from the abdominal aorta. A pair of kidneys was supplied by 2 renal arteries arising from the abdominal aorta on either side. The mean length and width of right renal artery was 37.5 ± 3.44mm and 6.51 ± 1.26mm respectively. The mean length and width of left renal artery was 28.4 ± 2.36mm and 6.24 ± 1.36mm respectively. P1 branching pattern was observed in 38.3% of the specimens, L1 pattern in 23.33% of the specimens, A1 pattern in 26.66% of the specimens, U1 pattern in 10% of the specimens and triple pattern in 1.66% of the specimens. Discussion: The mean length and width of renal arteries of the present study were similar to the results obtained in previous studies. Accessory renal arteries are end arteries and supply a particular segment of the kidney. So the knowledge of accessory renal arteries is important. The results of the branching pattern of renal arteries were compared with the results of Fine and keen's study. Conclusion: The knowledge of the presence of accessory renal arteries, dimensions and branching pattern of renal arteries will be helpful for urologist during renal surgeries.

Background: The supratrochlear foramen (STF), alternatively termed septal aperture of humerus is a deficit of the bony septum in the distal end of humerus that separates the coronoid fossa from the olecranon fossa. The study is focused on the STF owing to its significance in the preoperative planning of supracondylar fractures of humerus. The humerus with STF has narrow medullary canal so ante grade route is advised for nailing supracondylar fractures in humerus with STF. Materials: This study was conducted on 355 dry human humeri belonging to south Indian race. Results: The supratrochlear foramen was present in 76 bones (21.4%). The incidence of STF was more on the left side (23.3%) than the right side (19.6%). The transverse and vertical diameters of STF were measured using digital Vernier caliper. The mean transverse diameter on right side was 5.67 ± 1.71 mm and 5.39 ± 1.57 mm on left side. The mean vertical diameter was 3.9 ± 1.32 mm on right side and 3.84 ± 1.20 mm on left side. Various shapes of STF were noted among which oval shape was maximum. The translucent septum was frequently found more on the right side (56.3%). Conclusions: The STF may be mistakenly interpreted as a cyst or tumors in X rays. Besides its anthropological interest, the knowledge of STF will be helpful for orthopedic surgeons and radiologists.