Between January 6 and April 23, 1997, 11 outbreaks of Newcastle disease were confirmed in Great Britain, four in broiler chickens and seven in turkeys. Although the viruses isolated gave intracerebral pathogenicity indices in day-old chicks between 1.65 and 1.95, the clinical signs of disease in field infections were variable and not always associated with high mortality, especially in turkeys. Epidemiological investigations indicated that the majority of the outbreaks occurred as a result of secondary spread by human agency from two or more primary infected flocks. The presence of similar outbreaks in Scandinavian countries in 1996 and the unusual patterns of movement of migratory birds at the end of 1996 and beginning of 1997 suggest they may have been responsible for the primary introduction of the causative virus into Great Britain.
A paradox can be defined as an unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. Many paradoxes raise serious philosophical problems, and they are associated with crises of thought and revolutionary advances. The expanded and revised third edition of this intriguing book considers a range of knotty paradoxes including Zeno's paradoxical claim that the runner can never overtake the tortoise, a new chapter on paradoxes about morals, paradoxes about belief, and hardest of all, paradoxes about truth. The discussion uses a minimum of technicality but also grapples with complicated and difficult considerations, and is accompanied by helpful questions designed to engage the reader with the arguments. The result is not only an explanation of paradoxes but also an excellent introduction to philosophical thinking.
Letters launch of a full DNA screening programme for Lafora's disease in miniature wire-haired dachshunds. The test, using cheek swabs, will identify clear, carrier and affected dogs for the EPM2B Lafora gene mutation. Previously, the only test available could not differentiate between 'clear' and 'carrier' dogs. This provides a real possibility of eventually eradicating this disease from miniature wire-haired dachshunds. The costs of participating in the full screening programme are being generously assisted by grants from the Kennel Club Charitable Trust and the dachshund breed clubs. Anyone who tested their dogs in 2010 will be given preferential rates. Owners of miniature wire-haired dachshunds wishing to have their dogs tested should contact Nora Price, the programme coordinator, telephone
Philosophers have been interested in vagueness for centuries. One reason is the fascination, and threat, posed by the socalled sorites paradoxes. If someone is not bald, then he does not become bald by losing just a single hair. But then, it seems, however many hairs he loses, he can never become bald. No hair's loss marks the transition; so, it seems, there can be no transition. We know that the conclusion is false. The problem is to say how it can be avoided.Vagueness is of interest independently of the paradoxes. It seems to be an extremely pervasive phenomenon, invading almost every area of thought, and banished from scientific work, if at all, only by constant vigilance. What is its origin? Does it correspond to a feature of the world? Or is it we, perhaps through our deficiencies, who are responsible? And is it obvious that it is a Bad Thing, given the extent to which the throbbing centres of our lives appear to be describable only in vague terms?A more preliminary question is: what is vagueness? The standard definition is that a vague word is one which admits borderline cases. I agree that if a word is vague, then there are or could be borderline cases; but I deny the converse: nonvague expressions, too, can have borderline cases, so we do not yet have a grasp of the essence of vagueness. That essence is to be found in the idea that vague concepts are concepts without boundaries. I Some concepts classify by setting boundaries but some do not. In the philosophical tradition, the former have received all the attention, and have lent a distinctive character to 1 Inaugural lecture delivered at King's College London, 1990.
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