quality could be maintained with reduced, or even deficit irrigation; an irrigation level below ET crop (Door-Prudent water management on turfgrass is an important issue. enbos and Pruitt, 1984) divided by uniformity of the There is a need to define best management practices (BMPs), including optimal irrigation frequency for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea irrigation system. Subsequent research at the University Schreb.) when irrigated at a level that would be less than a typical of California sought to provide guidelines for minimum industry practice of ET crop /irrigation uniformity, where ET crop ϭ crop irrigation levels for turfgrass. Meyer et al. (1985) deterevapotranspiration ϭ reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) ϫ crop coefmined accurate monthly K c for warm-and cool-season ficient (K c ). A 2-yr field study was conducted in Riverside, CA, to turfgrasses and stated water conservation effectively determine if the visual quality of tall fescue could be improved during saves 20 to 40% of water needs when 60 to 80% of the warm season by altering irrigation frequency (two, three, or four ET crop is applied. This research, in part, led to the Model irrigation events per week), cultivar selection (a dwarf cultivar, 'Short-Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance, AB325, which stop' or a turf-type cultivar, 'Jaguar III'), and mowing height (3.8 or recommended an annual maximum applied water allow-6.4 cm) when irrigated at 80% ET crop /irrigation uniformity. Volumetric ance of 80% ET o per square foot of landscape. Current soil water content at the 30-, 61-, and 91-cm depths was also measured on each Jaguar III sub-subplot. During the first year, visual quality 2011
The scarcity of potable water in arid and semiarid environments has led to the wider use of recycled water for irrigating agricultural fields, parks, golf courses, and other areas. One concern using recycled water as a source of irrigation has been the presence, fate, and transport of pharmaceutical compounds in water that percolates below the root zone of plants; however, very few multiyear field studies have been reported in the peer-reviewed literature. Here, we assessed compound mass flux of 13 pharmaceuticals in the fairways of four golf courses in the southwestern United States during a 2-yr field study. The sites varied by climate and soil type but were similar regarding turfgrass management. The results showed the presence of at least one pharmaceutical compound in nearly all samples collected, although concentrations were substantially lower after transport through the soil. Percent reduction in compound mass fluxes in drainage water was effectively 100% in 22 of 52 cases, 98 to 100% in 27 of 52 cases, and 73 to 94% in 3 of 52 cases (a case is defined as a specific compound measured at a specific site). Mass fluxes migrating below the root zone were calculated as <250 × 10 g ha for all compounds and >100 × 10 g ha in only two cases. For cases where the majority of the analyses were reportable, all fluxes were <8.80 × 10 g ha. Carbamazepine, meprobamate, and sulfamethoxazole were most commonly found in drainage water, representing nearly 80% of all reportable detections. This research demonstrates the potential of turfgrass/soil systems to reduce contaminant loading below the root zone and potentially toward groundwater.
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