Summary.-Tumour-associated prostaglandin-like material, assessed by bioassay, has been examined in 37 patients with primary and metastatic squamous carcinomas of the head and neck, previously treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy followed by radical surgery. High amounts of prostaglandin-like material were extracted from tumours excised within 3 months of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. These amounts correlated with necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis, but not with tumour site, size or degree of differentiation. Most of the prostaglandins formed by these treated tumours thus seem to be associated with host stromal and inflammatory cells, rather than the neoplastic cells. The possible roles of prostaglandins in facilitating the spread of squamous carcinomas are discussed.
Summary Mechanisms of bone invasion by squamous carcinomas of the head and neck have, been investigated using fresh tumours It is concluded that most squamous cancers of the head and neck are osteolytic in vitro and release a mixture of prostaglandin and non-prostaglandin factors which stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption. These factors are derived from both neoplastic and stromal elements, and are "tumour-associated" rather than "tumour-specific". In vitro bone resorption and prostaglandin release does not correlate with pathological features of the tumour or with post-operative survival.Osteoclasts accumulate at sites of bone invasion by squamous carcinomas of the head and neck, and appear to play an important role in the destructive process (Carter, 1982). Prostaglandins are known stimulants of osteoclastic activity, and raised levels of extractable prostaglandin-like material were demonstrated by bioassay in a series of squamous cancers from the head and neck region (Bennett et al., 1980). Subsequent work showed that fresh tumour tissues and tumour cell lines were osteolytic in vitro and that bone resorption could be partly blocked by indomethacin (Tsao et al., 1981). These studies have been extended and information is now presented on the identification and quantitation of the prostaglandins involved and the contribution made by host tissues as a source of osteolytic factors. Observations on bone resorption by xenografts of squamous carcinomas have been reported separately (Tsao et al., 1983 Materials and methodsBone resorption assay The methods used were based on the procedure devised by Reynolds (1968) and have been fully described by us (Tsao et al., 1981). In brief, calvaria were dissected from 5 to 7 day old BALB/c mice previously injected with 45CaCl2, and cultured on metal grids in modified Bigger's medium, supplemented with heat-inactivated rabbit serum and antibiotics, at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air. Paired half-calvaria were used, one half of each serving as a control. After a preliminary incubation period of 24h to equilibrate calcium exchange between bone and culture medium, the calvaria were cultured for 3 days either with fresh tissue fragnents or with various test and control media-see below. Release of 45Ca was estimated by a liquid scintillation system. The percentage of isotope released from each bone was calculated and osteolysis was expressed in a standard manner as the ratio of the % of 45Ca release from test and control cultures. The values of each bone resorption ratio were recorded as the mean + s.e. of 4 pairs of bone cultures.In vitro osteolysis by fresh tissues Twenty-nine squamous carcinomas were obtained
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