SUMMARY:The present study was conducted to record the seasonal variation in the histomorphology and the histochemistry of the ampulla of vas deferens of Gaddi goat and Gaddi sheep, one of the most important breeds of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study was conducted over a period of year during different seasons viz. spring (March -May), summer (June -August), autumn (SeptemberNovember), winter (December-February).Six adult animals of each species were utilized to study histomorphology and histochemical in each season. Ampulla showed distinct three layers viz. tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia. Tubulo-alveolar glandular end-pieces (alveoli, tubules and solid end -pieces) were present in the propria-submucosa. The lining epithelium of the tunica mucosa, alveoli and tubules consisted of pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The cojunctive tissue present in between glandular end-pieces consisted of collagen and reticular fibers. The tunica muscularis consisted of two distinct layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal) consisted of mainly smooth muscle fibers, collagen fibers and few reticular fibers in Gaddi goat and sheep. The tunica adventitia consisted of loosely arranged network of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and occasional autonomic ganglion in Gaddi goat only. The diameter of glandular end-pieces, secretory epithelial height of alveoli and tubules was highest in autumn season and lowest in summer season in both species. Similarly the secretions, apical blebs recorded more in autumn season followed by spring, winter and summer. The secretions and secretory blebs stained intensely for diastase resistant PAS carbohydrates indicating that there may be presence of mucopolysaccharides (other than glycogen as it would have been digested by diastase treatment) that serve the nutrition to ejaculated spermatozoa. The cholesterol was also more in autumn as compared to other seasons in both species. In spring and winter it was more or less same. As the cholesterol is the basic precursor for testosterone.
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inammatory condition that leads to destruction of the attachment apparatus of the tooth where, the major etiological factor leading to the destruction is plaque. Plaque act as a reservoir for the complex subgingival microbiota. Therefore, an inference here could be drawn that with the overall reduction of micro-organism, disease progression could be halted. Periodontal therapy aims at restoring balanced periodontal health along with the compatible oral microbiota. Treatment of periodontal disease aims at achieving a healthy periodontium and preventing the risk of recurrence or disease progression. Due to specic properties of biolm, the subgingival periodontal microbiota are more difcult to target which leads to dearth of clear protocols for the use of antibiotics and therefore, the development of specically designed strategies to treat the subgingival microbiota, as a biolm, is highly desirable. So, comes the use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. Systemic antibiotics enter periodontal tissues via serum and can affect microorganisms outside the reach of adequate instrumentation and towards use of topical anti-infective chemotherapeutics. Antibiotic therapy delays subgingival recolonisation of the microbial pathogens by potentially suppressing the periodontal pathogens residing onto the oral surfaces. Antibiotic treatment strategies in conjugation with proper mechanical biolm disruption, eventually helps in maintaining the periodontal health by minimizing and eradicating subgingival periodontalpathogens and thereby, improves the status of clinical outcomes of periodontal therapy. This review henceforth, attempts to highlight the walk-on part of antibiotics in periodontal therapy.
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