1. Apparent (AME) and true (TME) metabolisable energy values of four diets, containing 50 or 150 g animal fat or maize oil/kg, were estimated in young and adult chickens. The diets were given with and without a supplement of 5 g bile salts/kg. Three feeding rates, ad libitum, and 1/6th or 1/3rd of ad libitum were compared. 2. In younger birds, endogenous energy losses were higher when measured in starved birds than when estimated by regression analysis. 3. In young birds, feeding rate had no effect on AME of diets containing 50 g lipids/kg but it significantly affected TME. These results were reversed in adults. AME and TME values of diets containing 150 g lipids/kg were affected by the feeding rate in both young and adult birds. 4. Bile salts increased metabolisable energy values of diets containing high concentrations of saturated fatty acids and their effect was more pronounced in young birds.
SummaryThe effects of the gut microflora on the digestibility of starch and proteins of a diet composed mainly of ground maize and soybean meal, and containing 150 and 240 g/kg of animal fat and total protein respectively, were studied in germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) young chicks. A nutritional balance was conducted to assess the digestibility coefficients. Starch of feed and excreta were estimated after being hydrolyzed to glucose by the glucamylase enzyme. Excreted proteins were precipitated by lead acetate to eliminate uric acid before the determination of nitrogen by Kjeldahl's method. The results demonstrated that the digestibility of starch was not affected by the gut microflora. On the contrary, the apparent digestibility of proteins was significantly (p < 0.01) improved in GF chicks.
B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) are the most common adult hematological cancers and many remain incurable. Development of chemotherapy regimens is confounded by the prevalence of B-NHL in older, frailer patients and the chemo-protective tumor microenvironment. Although biological therapies such as rituximab have significantly improved outcomes and selective kinase inhibitors are showing promise, the rate of new drug discovery remains disappointing, the treatments expensive and long-term benefits uncertain. An alternative strategy is redeployment of available, inexpensive and non-toxic drugs. Here, we demonstrate the antiproliferative and mitochondrial superoxide (MSO) driven pro-apoptotic activities of bezafibrate (BEZ) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) against B-NHL cells, with a bias toward MZL, in the presence and absence of the microenvironmental signal CD40L. Our study is the first to confirm the presence of CD40L within the lymph node of B-NHL and its capacity to drive B-NHL proliferation. These findings implicate BEZ + MPA as a potential therapeutic strategy in B-NHL.
A trial was carried out using 3-week-old chickens of a commercial breed to study the effects of either a fat-free diet or a diet containing 150 g/kg of animal fat on the endogenous energy losses measured with starved birds. The effects of the addition of different levels of bile salts to such diets and the accuracy of true metabolizable energy (TME) with respect to the other modes of expression of metabolizable energy were also examined. The excreted endogenous energy values were shown to vary not only according to the type of diet (P less than .01) but also in relation to the dietary intake level (P less than .01). Because it is directly related to endogenous energy, TME proved to be an inaccurate parameter in young chicks unless values were corrected for N-balance. If the values of both apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and TME are corrected for N-balance, they are normally comparable and independent of the dietary intake level if the diet contains virtually no added fat. These findings indicate that most of the endogenous excreta are composed of nitrogenous metabolites. However, neither AME nor TME values of fat-rich diets are independent of dietary intake. The addition of bile salts had no effect on the metabolizable energy values of the fat-free diet. However, in the case of the diet rich in saturated fats, they compensated either for insufficient bile secretion or for endogenous bile salts degraded by the intestinal microflora. Thus, the digestive utilization of dietary fat, especially that of the saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, was increased. In addition, metabolizable energy was significantly improved (P less than .01) by the addition of bile salts when the dietary intake level increased to the ad libitum level.
SummaryThree week-old male chicks of a commercial breed were used to study the effect of sorbitol or added bile salts on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values and the apparent fat digestibility (AFD) coefficients of a diet rich in saturated lipids (15 p. 100 beef tallow). The experimental diet was given alone or supplemented with different levels of sorbitol (0.5, 1 or 2 p. 100) or bile salts (0.5 p. 100), added at the expense of dietary glucose. Both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) sorbitol intake periods were compared. Food efficiency and morphological changes in liver, gall-bladder and caeca were also investigated.The results showed that both the AME values and the AFD coefficients were significantly increased (!-4.6 p. 100 and -f-16 p. 100 respectively, P < 0.01) when bile salts were added to the diet. However, neither acute nor chronic sorbitol intake, at any of the levels studied, seemed to affect these two criteria. Chicks fed on the bile salt supplemented diet showed two-to three fold increases in the size of the gall-bladder and its freeze-dried weight increased by more than twofold (P < 0.01). None of the dietary additions affected liver or caecal weights.
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