Altered
cellular metabolism is one of the crucial hallmarks of
glioma that deserves exploration, as the metabolites act as direct
indicators of protein function and genetic variations. The current
study focused on the metabolomic profiling of patients from whom glioma
specimens were obtained for the identification of specific metabolites
that could distinguish the low grade and high grade. In the current
study, 1H NMR spectroscopy was carried out and the data
were analyzed by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)
and orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis
(OPLS-DA). Pathway analysis was done to associate characteristic metabolites
with the grades of sample using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 software based on
the KEGG metabolic pathways database. Distinctive metabolic profiles
among low- and high-grade gliomas with top 15 characteristic metabolites
that could discriminate these grades were identified on the basis
of their VIP scores from the OPLS-DA model. The major altered metabolic
pathways include choline, taurine and hypotaurine, glutamate/glutamine,
glutathione, and phenyl alanine/tyrosine, which were found to be consistent
with the particular grade of a sample. Our study clearly demonstrated
a characteristic metabolic profile of individual grades of glioma,
suggesting that an altered metabolism is consistent with the specific
grades of glioma appreciation and could lead to the development novel
treatment strategies.
The effect of massive blowing rates on the steady laminar hypersonic boundary-layer flow of an electrically conducting fluid in the stagnation region of an axisymmetric body with an applied magnetic field has been studied. The governing equations have been solved numerically by combining the implicit finite-difference scheme with the quasi-linearization technique. It is observed that the effect of massive blowing rates is to remove the viscous layer away from the boundary, whereas the effect of the magnetic field is just the opposite. It is also found that the velocity overshoot increases with blowing rates and also with magnetic field. The effect of the variation of the density-viscosity product across the boundary layer is strong only when the blowing rate is small, but for the massive blowing rate the effect is negligible.
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