The drought tolerance of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var capitata (Oxylus) was investigated by subjecting the initial, development and mid growth stages to varying drought lengths of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days in a 7 × 3 factorial experiment to determine the effect of each drought period at each growth stage on growth and yield. Data on number of opened leaves/plant, leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content, head size and yield/ha were recorded due to drought effect at each growth stage. Analysis of variance at 5% probability level indicated that drought periods of 5–15 days at the initial stage significantly reduced number of leaves, LAI and head size. Significant reduction in chlorophyll content and yield were due to drought beyond 11 and 5 days respectively at the initial stage. Number of opened leaves increased significantly with increasing drought length at the development stage; critical at 11 days drought. Significant reductions in LAI at the development and mid stages were critical at 11 and 9 days respectively whilst chlorophyll content was significantly reduced at both the development and mid stages by all drought periods. Significant reduction in head size at the development and mid stages was critical at 7 days. Generally, the drought tolerance of cabbage increased from the initial to the mid-stage. To maintain economic yields of cabbage in the forest-savannah transition zone, the initial and development stages could tolerate drought stress up to 5 days whilst the mid stage could tolerate up to 7 days.
The study assesses the effects of climate variability on food crop yield of the smallholder farmers in the Lower Offin River Basin, Ghana. Spline Interpolation and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were employed to examine the spatial and seasonal distribution of climate variables. Yield anomaly index and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the effect of climate variability on food crop yield. The results showed that the higher values of seasonality and replicability indices of rainfall indicate that rainfall is concentrated within few months causing prolonged dry spells and frequent droughts during the cropping period. The regression analysis revealed that climate variability has had differential impacts on the yield of maize, rice, cassava, yam, cocoyam and plantain ranging from 18.4 % in the case of plantain to 80.0 % in the case of cocoyam. Also, cocoyam, yam and rice were much more affected by climatic conditions in contrast with maize, cassava and plantain. Therefore, there is the need to adopt drought-resistant high-yielding crop varieties to sustain high crop yield. Again, cassava and plantain have the potential to withstand climate variability which is very significant in the Lower Offin River Basin.
The research aimed at developing a groundwater recharge model from available and reliable data of recharge predictor variables from 1985-2009 for the Sumanpa catchment in the forest-savannah transitional zone. Streamflow data for the Sumanpa River was generated from daily stage data using the rating curve model developed by the researchers at the gauge station. The streamflow data generated was partitioned into its various components, including runoff and recharge by means of the PART and RORA computer programmes respectively. The relationship between the catchment's groundwater recharge and its predictor variables were determined by means of a scatter plot, using R statistical package, and their strengths quantified using the Pearson Correlation Test. The test indicated a strong positive correlation between recharge, rainfall and runoff and a strong negative correlation with actual evapotranspiration. Based on these a lumped conceptual deterministic groundwater recharge model was developed for the Sumanpa catchment using the multiple regression analysis.
The study was to determine how 13 years old "Series II", a bi-parental hybrid of Amelonado and Trinitarioscocoa, will respond to different drought lengths in the prevailing climate scenario in the Forest-Savanna Transition Zone of Ghana. It was designed with six treatments of varied drought lengths as: trees with no irrigation (T0), trees with one month (T1), two months (T2), three months (T3), four months (T4)drought lengths and continuously irrigated cocoa (T5), all with four replications in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under drip irrigation over nine month period. Data was collected on number of pods per plant, number of beans per pod, weight of fresh pod and weight of hundred dried beans. The results showed that the highest mean effect on the yield parameters was recorded by the trees with continuous irrigation (T5) and yield parameters values decreased with increasing drought length. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant influence of drought lengths on yield parameters (p< 0.05). Drought length in the new climate of the study area had significant effects on the yield parameters of cocoa.
The study was carried out inthe Forest-Savanah Transition zone of Ghana to determine the influence of different water quantities on yield parameters of 13 years old 'Series II', a biparental hybrid of Amelonado and Trinitarioscocoa, (Theobroma cacao L) from December to August. The randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were 0 liters (control) (T0), 20 liters (T1), 30 liters (T2) and 40 liters (T3) of water applied per plant per day. The parameters studied were: number of cocoa pods per plant, weight of fresh cocoa pods, number of beans per pod and weight of hundred (100) dry beans. The weight of dried beans and weight of fresh pod were significantly affected by the water levels. The results revealed that 30 liters of water (T2) when applied during the period of drought gave maximum value in all the performance parameters. It is recommended that cocoa farmers with irrigation facilities in the Forest-Savannah Transition zone can apply 30 liters of water daily during the dry season and to supplement rainfall to ensure continuous production of cocoa throughout the year.
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