Abstract. The aim of the study was to define differences between front and hind hooves in dimensions and proportions of the measurements in horses of various breeds. 77 mares four to thirteen years old of four breeds belonging to different origin types were evaluated: Purebred Arabian horses, halfbred Anglo-Arabian horses, primitive Polish Konik horses and Polish Cold-Blooded horses. The dimensions were measured after trimming. Means in particular groups and differences between fore and hind hooves were estimated with the least square analysis of variance performed separately in each breed. In the four breeds studied, the fore and hind hoof dimensions from the lateral view of the hoof capsule have come out to be similar. The toe to heel length ratio approximates 2 : 1 in both hooves. Viewed from the solar surface, the hind hoof is wider at the heel buttress relative to the fore hoof. The greatest difference between the fore and rear hooves occurs in the capsule width, hence while recording this parameter, it should be defined which foot it concerns. The hoof width is the most highly correlated with other dimensions, as well as the correlations between the fore and hind hooves in this parameter are the highest. The hoof capsule width is the most characteristic parameter of the hoof.

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This paper analyzes changes in the length of coat on selected body areas in horses and ponies kept under different husbandry (stable) conditions during the winter-spring period. The study included 12 Małpolski geldings and 12 geldings of Felin ponies aged 10-15 years. Horses were kept in two stables (six horses and six ponies in each stable). The type of performance, husbandry conditions and feeding of the studied animals were comparable. As of December 1, samples of hair coat from the scapula, sternum, back and abdomen areas of both body sides were collected seven times. The lengths of 20 randomly selected hair fibers were measured. Daily measurements of air temperature in the stables were also taken. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the following factors: the body part from where the coat was sampled, the subsequent examination and the stable as well as the interaction between these factors. The significance of differences between means was determined with a t-Tukey test. The relations between air temperature in the stable and hair length were calculated using Pearson's correlation. It was found that air temperature in the stable impacts the length of winter coat in horses and ponies. The effect of this factor is more pronounced in ponies; as in the stables with lower temperatures it produces a longer hair coat which is more evenly distributed over the body in comparison with horses. Keeping horses and ponies in stables with a low air temperature accelerates coat shedding by approximately 25 days. Coat shedding begins from the scapula area.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the intensity of warm-up and scores of horse-rider dyads in jumping competitions, and which factors affect the warm-up regime. Three international competitions of 120, 130, and 135cm obstacle height, completed by 82 competitors, were studied. Warm-up intensity was measured by the time spent in the schooling area, number of practice jumping efforts, and coefficient of practice obstacle height. Out of the official final scores in the competitions, penalty points in the round and converted final placings were used as outcome measures. The data were analyzed with Spearman’s correlation, multifactorial analysis of variance, and Tukey’s test. The rider’s sex, part of the world that the riders came from, horse’s sex, age, and competitive level (obstacle height) were considered. Results showed that more jumps and higher obstacles during warm-up decrease the horse-rider dyad’s performance in jumping competition, whereas the duration of the total warm-up time does not affect the score. Female riders warm up horses longer but jump lower fences than male riders. Riders do not differentiate the warm-up regime with regard to the horse’s sex, whereas they considered the horse’s age. The warm-up intensity does not increase proportionally to the competitive level.

Emotional excitability influences horses' performance in sports and races. The aim of the study was to analyse whether the balance of the autonomic system which can occur when sympathetic system activity is at various levels might impact the horses' racing performance. The study was carried out on 67 purebred Arabian horses trained for racing. The following indices were analysed: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and the ratio of spectrum power at low frequencies to high frequencies (LF/HF). The autonomic nervous system activity was measured × 3 during the training season, at three-month intervals. Each examination included a 30-min measurement at rest and after a training session. The racing performance indices in these horses were also analysed. Better racing results were found in horses with enhanced LF/HF. The worst racing results were determined in horses with low LF. Racehorses, heart rate variability, ANSThe autonomic nervous system is characterised by an irregular distribution of centres, relatively slow conduction of nervous impulses, smooth muscles acting as effectors, and cardiac-type striated tissue and glands (Low 1993). There are numerous autonomic nervous system functions; heart rate acceleration or deceleration being one of them. The autonomic system is divided into the sympathetic system (stimulating) and the parasympathetic system (inhibiting) (Verrier and Lown 1978). All the internal organs are innerved simultaneously by both of these systems. The sympathetic and parasympathetic system activities are antagonistic to each other. In stressful situations, the sympathetic system activity dominates the effects of the parasympathetic component (Baselli et al. 1987, Gill 2003). An increase in the sympathetic component, together with the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, accelerates the heart rate, whereas an increased tone of the parasympathetic system (acetylocholine secretion) decreases the heart rate (Dempsey and Cooper 1969).The activity and balance of the autonomic system can be analysed by measuring the variability of the sinus rhythm (heart rate variability, HRV). This variability is a cyclic occurrence of differences in R-R intervals (the time between complexes of QRS waves in electrocardiogram). The R-R depends on the effects of the mechanisms controlling the activity of the sinoatrial node (Kautzner 1995;von Borell et al. 2007). The rhythm variability can be investigated with a number of methods, including a time method and a frequency (spectral) method (Noszczyk-Nowak and Bogucki 2013;. The spectral method allows to precisely determine whether the autonomic system balance results simply from low activity of the sympathetic system or from high activity of the sympathetic component accompanied by high activity of the parasympathetic system. A lack of balance in the autonomic system unambiguously

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