To determine whether the expression of iron superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) increase superoxide-scavenging capacity, and thereby improve the survival rate of chilling sensitive (chs) mutants of Arabidopsis, 4 chs mutant (chs1-1, chs1-2, chs2-1, and chs2-2) and wild-type plants were grown under low (chilling, 13 °C; cold, 4 °C) and normal growth (23 °C) temperatures. Photosynthetic parameters were investigated following treatment with chilling, cold, and normal growth conditions. Chlorophyll content and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) were reduced in plants grown at chilling stress. The degree of chilling sensitivity of chs1 mutant plants was significantly greater than that of wild-type and chs2 mutants, as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence value and chlorophyll content. MSD1 was expressed during chilling stress in chs mutant and WT plants, while expression of FSD2 and FSD3 SODs in chs mutants was not detected during any of the treatments. Our results suggest that MSD1 expression in chs1-chilled plants responds to chilling, and that the lack of expression of FSD2 and FSD3 genes in chs mutants grown at chilling temperature supports the hypothesis that chloroplasts might be damaged, due to the chs mutation, when they are chilled.
Carbon nanotubes act as regulators of plant germination and growth and are able to change the morphology and physiology of plant cells. The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is a very important medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 125, 250 and 500 µg · ml , respectively, and the highest germination rate (53.3%) and the mean germination time (4.6 days) was seen in the concentration of 75 µg · ml -1 . However, no statistically significant differences were found between the different concentrations in any of the germination factors. In the concentration of 100 µg · ml -1 , there was a significant increase in the seedling vigor index I (400) when compared with the concentrations of 5 and 10 µg · ml -1 . The maximum seedling vigor index II (11.3) was found in the concentration of 100 µg · ml -1 and was significantly different from the control and all applied concentrations. The length of radicle in the 100 and 125 µg · ml -1 had a significant increase when compared with the control and the concentrations of 10 and 50 µg · ml -1 . The maximum seedling length (4.6 cm) was seen in the concentration of 100 µg · ml -1 where there was a significant increase with 10 µg · ml -1 . Moreover, in the 100 µg · ml -1 concentration, the largest number of rootlets (8.6) was seen and when compared with the control and concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 µg · ml -1 , there was a statistically significant increase. The maximum wet weight (0.3 g) and dry weight (0.1 g) of seedlings were obtained in the concentration of 100 µg · ml -1 and when compared with the control, there was a significant increase. It was found that in all factors related to the growth of seedlings, the concentrations of 10 and 50 MWCNTs had an inhibitory effect on the response index. The MWCNTs concentration of 100 µg · ml -1 was considered as the optimum concentration in the growth stage of castor seedlings.
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