This report presents the results of a genotoxicity study to evaluate the DNA damage caused by four sulfur dyes used in the textile and tannery industries. Alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) was performed on erythrocytes from Rana hexadactyla tadpoles following whole-body exposure to increasing concentrations of the dyes. The dyes, along with their active ingredients, were Sandopel Basic Black BHLN, Negrosine, Dermapel Black FNI, and Turquoise Blue. The dye-treated tadpoles showed significant DNA damage, measured as mean DNA length:width ratio, when compared with unexposed control animals. Among the four tested dyes Sandopel Basic Black BHLN appears to be highly genotoxic, Dermapel Black FNI was least genotoxic, and Negrosine and Turquoise Blue were moderately toxic to R. hexadactyla tadpoles. The tadpoles showed a significant reduction in DNA damage when placed in dechlorinated tap water after exposure for a 24-hr period to the dye solutions.
Introduction: e-learning is a relatively new phenomenon where currently the educators and students are grappling with the idea of its implementation and adaptation. With the speedy development of ICT and relative exposure of students to it, this study examines students' perceptions about e-learning which would help in a newer teaching learning experiences on the campus. Materials and Methods: A quantitative approach with a structured questionnaire (18 close and 5 open ended) were used for data collection and it was presented to 150 respondents (2nd year M.B.BS) of age group 19-21yrs of different socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds. Results and Discussion: 90% students used internet daily. 78% Male [M] and 92% Female [F] respondents have an idea about elearning, while 92.5% of them indicated their interest to further guidance. 88%M and 79 F students claim to not have any elearning facilities on campus. 58% M and 49%F use various forms like emails, chat, blogs, video conferencing, WhatsApp to communicate with their faculties. 98% agree to find e-learning useful and 86% M and 94% F are motivated to use it. 81%M and 88% F find e-learning to be of interactive mode and 74% M with 83% F agree about its cost effectivity. Implementing e-learning would improve performance in 99% students with 74% M and 53% F indicating better understanding of the course. 75% believe that they will have ready access to e-learning courses while other don't due to lack of constant supply of internet. 38% agree elearning is disadvantages as it will replace faculties as they are comfortable with the traditional teaching style, while 26% disagree. 58% M and 64% F think student will skip traditional classes while 39% M and 35% F would be distracted. 86%M and 92% F disagree with adapting difficulties on implementing newer e-learning modules and tools while the others agree due lack of training. Students gave suggestions to start blogs, online discussions, online submission of home work, and video assisted training for clinical work. Conclusion:The study clearly depicts that e-learning has its benefits from a student's perspective and it will have a positive influence on their performance with better understanding of their courses. Thus for at least the following few years, the university needs come out with e-learning tools and modules for a better teaching -learning experience make a positive impact on the students career.
Language testing has been an elemental part of the teaching-learning the process, though views on language testing have always been changing. This paper presents the various components required to construct and use a language test. It primarily aims at highlighting the importance of validity, reliability, and washback and focuses if a test paper is valid, reliable and has a washback effect. A test should measure what it intends to measure and for this validity, of a test is an essential component. Reliability of a test refers to how a test should be measured and is also concerned with the consistency of scoring and the accuracy of the organization of the test, hence reliability also is an important factor for a test. Further, any item should ideally have a positive washback effect i.e., the test must have a beneficial effect. Any test setter has to consider these three qualities of a test discussed above. The paper aims at highlighting about these important aspects of test i.e. validity, reliability and washback and elucidates how these three aspects could be integrated into testing writing skills.
Taxonomy of educational objectives has always been providing an objective and scientific framework both for setting educational objectives and restructuring test items for evaluation. This paper is an attempt to describe various components of the knowledge domain of Blooms taxonomy and design different test items which could be included in a typical question paper. The test items are based on the explanation of terms provided by Benjamin Blooms and are confined only to the domain of knowledge. The questions are restricted to the course contents of the first year BE engineering students at PSG college of Technology, the researcher's workplace and are pitched at the level of intermediate and advanced learners, who are familiarized with the basic nuances of style, grammar, usage, syntax and other elements of language through the course. The design of questions presuppose that a certain level of mastery in the English language has been attained the learners
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