Variation in needle and twig anatomy for 46 populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii was apportioned into that due to (i) taxonomic structure (the variety menziesii from coastal areas, the variety glauca from east of the Cascade crest, and intermediates from intervening areas); (ii) populations; and (iii) individual trees within populations. The variation was classified on the basis of summary variables, the principal components resulting from principal components analysis. Principal components analysis was performed both on original needle and twig variables and on residuals from multiple regression analysis of elevation, latitude, and longitude. The analysis of residuals removes the effect of allopatry and macroclimate. In both analyses, the smallest source of variation was taxonomic structure while most of the variation occurred within populations, suggesting that recognition of subspecific taxa in this portion of the geographic range is not appropriate. The results of analyses of original variables and residuals were highly correlated, indicating that relationships between individuals are not the result of allopatry or selection due to macroclimate. The observation that individuals account for most of the variation in the data is interpreted as indicating that the production of individual variants is a more significant evolutionary event than population differentiation.

MAZE, J. 1988. Sources of morphological variation and organization within and among populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata. Can. J . Bot. 66: 11 -17. Comparisons of differences between morphological means of individual plant parts indicate that the greatest source of variation in two populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata is the individual plants within populations; within-population diversity is greater than among-population diversity. Variable covariance and correlations differ between individual plants and there are subgroups of interrelated variables that can be tied to developmental phenomena. The relationship between developmental phenomena and these groups of variables suggests a relationship between organizational, as reflected in variable interrelationships, and ontogenetic variation. These results are not adequately explained by neoDaminian theory but are explained more comprehensively by a theory of evolution that views biological change over time as an intrinsically driven self-organization, accompanied by an increase in complexity (a manifestation of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" as it applies to open systems).ROBSON, K. A., SCAGEL, R. K., et MAZE, J. 1988. Sources of morphological variation and organization within and among populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata. Can. J . Bot. 66 : 11 -17. La comparaison des diffkrences entre les moyennes morphologiques des parties individuelles de plantes indique que les plants individuels 1'intCrieur des populations constituent la source de variation la plus importante dans les deux populations du Balsamorhiza sagittata; la diversitk intra-population est plus grande que la diversit6 inter-population. La covariance des variables et les corrClations different entre les plants individuels et il existe des sous-groupes de variables en corklation qui peuvent &tre liCs aux phCnomknes du dCveloppement. Les relations entre les phCnomknes du dCveloppement et ces groupes de variables indiquent des relations entre la variation organisationnelle, comme le dCmontre la relation kciproque entre les variables, et la variation ontoginique. Le nCo-Daminisme n'explique pas adCquatement ces rCsultats qui s'expliquent de f a~o n plus complkte par une thCorie de I'Cvolution qui considkre les changements biologiques temporels comme une auto-organisation mue intrinskquement, accompagnke d'une plus grand complexit6 (une manifestation de la ~Deuxikme Loi de la Thermodynamique,, telle qu'elle s'applique aux systkmes ouverts).[Traduit par la revue]

A multivariate extension of univariate sample size estimation is outlined that enables one to determine sample size for a multivariate study. The procedure is presented and illustrated by application to intraindividual and interindividual variation of cone morphology in a population of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. The method involves the stabilization of a scalar estimate of the structure of the correlation matrix (the determinant) among variables for a given sample size. The sample-specific dependency of previously described methods is avoided by random selection of several replicates in nonstructured and structured (nested) models. The procedure is best applied in pilot studies where it can aid in the characterization of multivariate data prior to analysis. Additionally, repeatability estimates for cone scale morphology are presented.

A putative intermediate between Stipa richardsonii and S. nelsonii was shown to be a large form of S. nelsonii that varied in the direction of S. richardsonii. The putative intermediate did not have seed and had a lower percentage of variable intercorrelations than either S. nelsonii or S. richardsonii, indicating that gene flow may have occurred between S. richardsonii and S. nelsonii to produce the putative intermediates. Stipa nelsonii was more variable than either S. richardsonii or the putative intermediates. This greater variability of S. nelsonii, correlated with the taxon's greater subspecific differentiation, represents an example of the Kluge–Kerfoot phenomenon. Quantification of intra-individual variation (= developmental variability) serves to extend the Kluge–Kerfoot phenomena to a developmental level.

The spikelets of Andropogon gerardii occur in pairs, one sessile and one pedicellate. The first glume of the sessile spikelet is bikeeled. The fertile lemma of the sessile spikelet is awned and the awn develops after the lemma has been initiated. The paleas of both spikelets initiate at two positions, are bikeeled, and, on occasion, are two-parted as a result of an interrupted zone of initiation. Each functional lodicule of A. gerardii is developmentally similar to one keel of the palea that has become thickened as a result of activity of an adaxial meristem. The spikelet pairs develop from one primordium. At early stages, spikelet pair primordia about each other along the inflorescence axis and the spikelets of a pair are not separated by a pedicel. The pedicel and the axis of the inflorescence develop through intercalary growth. Differences between appendages in the spikelet of A. gerardii can be viewed as the result of differing amounts of developmental activity (apical growth, marginal meristem, adaxial meristem) common to phyllomic structures. These common developmental activities are, in turn, the result of certain patterns of cell division and cell growth. The evolution of form thus results from alteration of common developmental events. When viewed in such a manner, the evolution of form is seen to be the modification of the informational entropy in an organism. With evolution, there are increases and decreases in informational entropy but, generally speaking, more complex organisms have higher entropy.