The paper reports a new electrostatic-confinement-based fusion approach, where a new non-equilibrium distribution function for an ion-beam compressed by an external electric force has been derived. This distribution function allows the system to possess appreciably low and insignificant thermal energy irrespective of the energy per particle. The spread of energy among particles in the non-equilibrium state is attributed to collisions in the presence of external force, whereas for equilibrium, the spreading of energy is due to the absence of force. The reactivity for a deuterium--deuterium fusion, using the proposed distribution function, has been computed. It is shown that for initiating fusion among the particles, the fusion time is comparable with the energy confinement time of ions for beam energy greater than 160 keV. The estimated energy gain factor Q (ratio of the output fusion power to the power consumed by the system) is around 12 for beam energy 170 keV and ion density 1015 cm−3. The energy loss due to particle scattering is estimated and is taken into consideration for the estimation of energy gain. An outline of a conceptual model of a device is proposed in accordance with the proposed theory and the device is not similar to the one used conventionally in Inertial Electrostatic Confinement systems based on collisions of a beam with a reflex beam or with background gas or plasma.
We report on the application of the vacuum photodiode to detect vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation emitted from the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) Tokamak. It is simple to fabricate and provides broadband spectral response in the VUV and ultrasoft x ray (10 eV–1 keV). In our design, a stainless steel photocathode is used, which has a response identical to tungsten in the wavelength range 100–1200 Å. Its surface is passivated, to minimize contamination and monolayer deposition, by electropolishing it. Some representative experimental results illustrating the range of applicability are presented with special emphasis on its performance in disruptive shots.
A soft x-ray imaging diagnostics has been developed for the study of magnetohydrodynamics activities in the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics tokamak plasma and also to estimate the plasma electron temperature. The main feature of this diagnostics is the use of p–i–n photodiodes, and in this article we present the results of the estimated plasma electron temperature Te(eV) by the absorber foil method. These values agree very closely with the estimated values from Spitzer resistivity. We feel that this technique of using a soft x-ray array for temperature measurement has a good potential for providing very economical Te(r,t) measurements with good time and spatial resolution especially for low budget small tokamaks.
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