1. Marine spatial planning (MSP) has increasingly been applied around the world to better manage the pressures and conflicts arising from human use of the sea.More recently it has been conceived as an approach to implement an ecosystem-based management approach to the marine environment.
NewZealand was a late adopter of MSP, commencing its first MSP process in 2013 for the Hauraki Gulf (Sea Change Tai Timu Tai Pari), and completing the plan in late 2016. 3. The planning process drew on international experience in MSP and collaborative processes but was adapted considerably to take account of the local context. Most particularly, the plan reflected concerns about the ecological decline of the Hauraki Gulf as well the strong and growing role of Māori in natural resource management in New Zealand. 4. The Sea Change Tai Timu Tai Pari project was experimental and represents an innovation in MSP practice in a number of respects including: establishing a co-governance structure for the project; tasking a group of Māori tribal and stakeholder representatives with producing the plan on a collaborative basis;addressing both catchment and marine issues and sectors in an integrated manner; and integrating indigenous knowledge with science. 5. A number of valuable lessons from marine planning can be drawn from this project, including: MSP can support ecosystem-based management; collaborative processes can be powerful in achieving shared outcomes for the community and can create a rich learning environment for scientists; indigenous knowledge can strengthen planning processes by providing more holistic knowledge; and scientists within a MSP project can help frame the planning process and act as a conduit between the scientific and layperson communities.
The paper presents preliminary results of continuing studies in SE Zimbabwe aimed at understanding the role of fracturing in hard rock aquifers. This is a semi-arid region in which a high proportion of boreholes drilled for water supply are dry or provide minimal yields for hand-pump usage. Remote sensing, using satellite images and aerial photographs, provides a rapid means of identifying potential fracture systems but field evidence of the nature and precise location of such fractures is limited. Ground geophysical techniques such as resistivity, electromagnetic and magnetic surveying have been extensively tested over a few selected sites in an attempt to characterize their response where photolineaments occur. These data reveal the presence of anomalies, predominantly of shallow origin, some of which correspond with the lineaments. Initial results suggest that the lineaments studied do not represent major, open groundwater conduits. Drilling and borehole logging information confirms the view that fracturing is poorly developed in general. An interpretation of pump test data collected as part of hydraulic fracturing tests suggests that drilling itself results in the preferential opening of vertical fissures near the borehole but that background transmissivity is very low. The work is continuing with a programme of core drilling and cross-hole seismic tomography, the results of which will be incorporated in further modelling of the geophysical data.
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