The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that a simple stirred batch cell can be used to study the effects of surface shear stress (amongst other process parameters) on fouling from saturated calcium salt solutions. For otherwise identical operating conditions, the overall fouling rate on a smooth mild steel surface was found to be reduced when either fine wires were attached to it or when helical threads were incorporated into the surface, either in the form of a continuous helical groove or in the form of a raised helix. The raised helical surface was more effective in reducing fouling than the helical groove. The results confirm the general effect that fouling rates can be reduced by increasing the surface shear stress through surface enhancement. A simple mathematical model has been developed to take into account the dynamic change in bulk concentration as crystallization fouling occurs. In all cases, the overall fouling resistance increased asymptotically towards a constant value and could easily and accurately be described quantitatively by the new analytical model. The variations of shear stresses on the various surfaces were determined from CFD simulations using the commercial package Comsol 4.2.
The Kimberlina Solar Thermal Power Station in Bakersfield, California, is AREVA Solar’s first North American solar thermal energy facility and an important showcase of AREVA’s Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR) technology. Construction of a fourth solar steam generator (SSG4) was completed at Kimberlina in August 2010. At the time SSG4 represented AREVA Solar’s most current commercial technology, designed for direct superheat steam generation. SSG4 incorporates technology advancements that significantly enhance the AREVA Solar technology’s controllability, steam temperature and pressure capabilities as well as overall performance. After SSG4 was commissioned, AREVA Solar carried out an extensive performance test program on this advanced technology to formally evaluate and quantify its measured performance and compare that to the model-predicted performance. The performance testing included two specific tests. The first was the Steady State Performance Test (SSPT), which evaluated the technology’s steady-state performance over a two-hour period on multiple days. The second test was the Entire Day Performance Test (EDPT), which evaluated the technology’s performance throughout an entire day, including overnight losses, startup, mid-day performance (including steady-state, quasi steady-state and transients) and shutdown. The third test demonstrated the technology’s response to a simulated direct normal insolation (DNI) transient. AREVA Solar took great care to design and perform this testing in a standardized manner that would stand up to independent, expert observation and was consistent with established ASME performance test codes (PTC), where applicable. AREVA Solar plans to implement this testing methodology in future commercial plants and technology demonstrations. This paper documents in detail the performance testing methodology used to evaluate AREVA Solar’s new technology, including: • Test prerequisites; • Performance (both measured and modeled) calculation equations; • Environmental and optical surface measurement techniques; • Measurement test success criteria; • Uncertainty calculation and implementation. This paper also documents the measured testing results relative to the AREVA Solar internal modeled results including follow-up model validation.
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