on species occurrence, regeneration, contribution to the canopy and basal area. Variations in the current and past composition and structure of the Woods are related to past forestry management and natural succession/disturbance processes. These largely mirror changes shown by other surveys at a national level. Fraxinus excelsior has been increasing in prominence across the Woods since 1974, but its future is uncertain because of disease. The species most likely to increase if there is a severe decline in F. excelsior at Wytham appear to be Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana and Quercus robur. There are benefits from linking long-term studies at one site to wider less detailed surveys in order to explore the general applicability of the results.
England is home to some of the oldest and widest trees in Europe, frequently concentrated in wood-pasture. Until recently the value of this habitat for wildlife had been largely overlooked. Many wood-pastures are important for their veteran trees and the species within them; however, wood-pastures are frequently rich in other wildlife such as butterflies and birds because they are mosaics of scrub, woodland and grassland. Grazing is a vital part of the conservation management to maintain the habitat. Actions and targets have been identified to promote the conservation of this habitat as part of the UK government's biodiversity action plan. Significant progress is being made towards these targets, including restoration of neglected parkland. This is being achieved through partnership with over 50 government and non-government organizations.
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