Objectives This article discusses the evaluation of the effectiveness of three-layer pipes of a symmetric and asymmetric structure. For this, the stress-strain state of three-layer pipes of different materials under the influence of internal pressure is investigated. Pipeline structures today occupy important positions in the infrastructures of many countries. Trunk structures affect the economy, industry. Every year, new safety requirements are added to the reliability indicators of these structures.Method The calculation is carried out by numerical methods, namely using the finite element method (FEM), implemented in the LIRA PC.Result The calculation of the pipes is performed, on the load from the transported medium, applied to the inner contour of the pipe. Moreover, for three-layer pipes of all variants, Nx tensile stresses along the generatrix, Ny ring tensile stresses and Txy shear stresses in the xy plane were determined. Isopoles of tensile and shear stresses are given.Conclusion The numerical results showed that the use of less deforming material as a material for the manufacture of asymmetric bearing layers leads to a redistribution of stresses in the bearing layers and aggregate, and this must be taken into account when designing three-layer pipes.
ObjectivesThis article discusses the evaluation of the possibility of application of three-layer pipelines. For this purpose, the stress-strain state of three-layer pipes under the action of internal pressure is investigated. The largest in the modern world are considered to be the main pipewater. They are mainly used to transport oil and gas from production sites to processing plants. Pipelines are intended for movement of liquid, gases and other environments and first of all it is water pipelines. As you know, main and technological pipelines are IP-elite club that cares only metal buildings, the construction of which consume Xia millions of tons of steel. On the other hand, one of the main indicators of efficiency of trunk pipelines is their material consumption. As a rule, trunk pipelines have a long length, and therefore an unreasonable increase in the even thickness of the pipe walls by at least 1 mm leads to an overspending of steel by de-siyatki and even hundreds of thousands of tons. In this regard, to the calculations of the main pipe wires for strength should be given the most serious attention.MethodsThe calculation is carried out by numerical methods, namely with the help of finite element meto-da (FEM), implemented in the PC "LIRA".ResultsThe calculation of the pipes is performed on the load from the transported medium applied to the inner contour of the pipe. In this case, for the three-layer pipe (the first option) and for the pipes of the second and third options, the ring tensile stresses and strains were determined. The isofields of tensile and shear stresses are given, the comparative graphical dependence of ring tensile stresses is constructed.Conclusion.The obtained numerical results showed that the selected calculation scheme (var.1), that is, the representation of the continuous section of the pipe in the form of a three-layer, is correct. The discrepancies between the data obtained are related to the rotation of the section along the radius of the pipe. In General, the results of calculations showed the possibility of using a three-layer pipe wall for transportation of various media.Acknowledgment.This work was supported by a grant from the President of the Russian Federation (MK-6112.2018.8)
Objective. The purpose of the study is to prove the features of the operation of largespan flat structures, which are also taken into account in their design.Method. A technique is presented that makes it possible to reduce span bending moments. Examples of rational design of beam trusses are given.Result. The given structural diagrams, as well as the analysis of their work, allow designing large-span flat systems in the form of frame and arch structures, which have high reliability, minimal weight, and high manufacturability in manufacturing, transportation and installation.Conclusion. The presented structural schemes, sections and junctions of elements are used in the practice of design and construction. Rational design solutions make it possible to reduce the own weight of flat largespan structures, frames and arches due to the optimal choice of their design and design schemes.
Objective. This article discusses spatial large-span structures; provides features of their work; as well as layout examples. General dimensions and ways of stabilizing displacements are given.Method. The features of the work and layout of spatial large-span structures; as well as calculation formulas are given. The types of sections and nodes of conjugation of elements are presented. A technique is described that allows stabilizing the movements of largespan pavements.Result. The given structural schemes; as well as the analysis of their work; allow designing large-span spatial systems in the form of convex and concave structures that have high reliability; minimal weight; and high manufacturability in manufacturing; transportation and installation.Conclusion. The proposed rational design solutions make it possible to reduce the own weight of spatial convex and concave coatings; which have the necessary rigidity; strength and stability. The types of structural schemes; sections and junctions of elements considered in the article are widely used in the practice of design and construction.
Objective. In this paper, buildings of various shapes that have high seismic resistance are considered. Such seismic resistance is provided by the rational shape and outlines of the building itself. Here, the influence of the torsion of the building in the plan is minimized, thereby eliminating large stresses at the ends of the designed building. At the same time, the translational movement of the building in the plan is preserved.Method. By optimizing the shape and shape of buildings for various purposes, high efficiency of the structure is ensured under seismic effects. By comparing the shape and outlines of various buildings, the best variant of their layout is selected.Result. Structural schemes of buildings and structures with high resistance to seismic effects are given. A comparative analysis and recommendation for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings are given. Structural schemes for buildings and structures of various outlines have been developed: round, square, rectangular; constructive schemes of volumetric seismic-resistant structures, pyramidal, conical of various shapes, have been drawn up. Recommendations for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures with optimal geometric shapes are made.Conclusion.The design schemes proposed in the article can be used in the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures for various purposes.
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