This study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and antibiogram of Listeria species isolated from raw frozen Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber Scombrus) fish sold in Enugu State Southeastern Nigeria. Twentyfive grams each of raw fish gut and skin were collected from 800 raw fish sold in 8 major markets randomly selected from the study area. Isolation of Listeria was done using half and full fraser broths, and polymyxin acriflavine lithium chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol (PALCAM) agar. Confirmation of the genus Listeria was done by a polymerase chain reaction. Identification of species was done using an analytic profile index (API) kit specific for Listeria. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of the 800 fish samples, 38 (4.75%) were positive for Listeria species. Enugu North (6.50%) had significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence than Enugu East (3.0%). Five Listeria species were identified. Listeria innocua (71.1%) predominated, followed by Listeria welshimeri (10.5%), Listeria ivanovii (7.9%), Listeria grayi (5.3%) and Listeria monocytogenes (5.3%). All the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibacterial agents. The occurrence of Listeria species in raw frozen Atlantic mackerel fish, poses a threat, when consumed raw or lightly cooked, to people especially the immunocomprormised persons whose population is increasing as a result of improvement in medical technology. Also, the possibility of cross contamination in the kitchen or food service establishments is also a concern. Since all the Listeria species got in this study showed 100% susceptibility to all the antimicrobials tested, therefore, there is no fear of acquiring and transferring antibiotic resistance genes from raw frozen Atlantic mackerel fish to the general human population.
The study was conducted to gather relevant information on turkey management, andprevalent diseases in turkeys, constraints and prospects of turkey production in Enugu state.The study was conducted in nine local government areas in the three senatorial zones of Enugu State, Nigeria covering 297 turkey keepers. A structured questionnaire was administered and information on the socio-economic characteristics of turkey producers, production patterns, management practices, prevalent diseases in turkeys and the common problems facing turkey production in Enugu State were identified and collected. The finding of the study indicated that turkey production was carried out mainly by adult female (53.0%), who were either secondary school holders (40.7%) or degree holders (26.3%). Majority (48.1%) had no previous experience in turkey production, however (52.3% involved in the business were within 36-50 years old. Turkey production in Enugu State was generally a part-time occupation as respondents were engaged in other primary occupation such as crop farming (32.6%), trading (24.6%) and civil service (18.5%). Turkeys were kept in small numbers (1-20) along with local chicken, exotic chicken, guinea fowl and ducks by a large (84.6%) number of the farmers. Majority (44.1%) of the turkey keepers in the study area adopted intensive system of management whereas a few (15.8%) allowed their turkeys to roam around. Constraints to turkey production as identified by the farmers in the study area were high cost of feed (86.5%), early poult mortality (85.2%), inadequate access to veterinary care (78.80%), unavailability and high cost of poult (74.40%), lack of management skills (63.3%) and lack of capital (61.7%).Fowl pox (69.0%) and Newcastle disease (57.6%) were the main disease problem constantly encountered and these diseases limit production in the study area. Turkey farmers affirmed that turkey production is a profitable and promising venture based on turkeys' high survival rate, ability to resist diseases and the cash generated after sale of the turkeys. In conclusion, despite the factors limiting turkey production as outlined by the respondents, turkey production has great potential in bridging the animal protein supply therefore, poultry farmers should be encouraged by government to increase their level of production by establishing reliable breeding centres in the south-east Nigeria which will ensure regular supply of day old poult, prompt disease control by employment of more veterinarians and provide soft loans to farmers. L'étude a été menée pour recueillir des informations pertinentes sur la gestion des dindes et les maladies répandues chez les dindes, les contraintes et les perspectives de la production de dindes dans l'État d'Enugu au Nigeria. L'étude a été menée dans neuf zones de gouvernement local dans les trois zones sénatoriales de l'État d'Enugu, au Nigeria, couvrant 297 éleveurs de dindes. Un questionnaire structuré a été administré et des informations sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des producteurs de dinde, les modes de production, les pratiques de gestion, les maladies répandues chez les dindes et les problèmes courants auxquels est confrontée la production de dinde dans l'État d'Enugu ont été identifiées et collectées. Les résultats de l'étude ont indiqué que la production de dinde était principalement réalisée par des femmes adultes (53,0%), qui étaient soit titulaires d'une école secondaire (40.7%), soit titulaires d'un diplôme (26.3%). La majorité (48.1%) n'avait aucune expérience antérieure dans la production de dinde, mais (52.3%) impliqués dans l'entreprise avaient entre 36 et 50 ans. La production de dinde dans l'État d'Enugu était généralement une activité à temps partiel, car les personnes interrogées exerçaient d'autres activités primaires telles que l'agriculture (32.6%), le commerce (24.6%) et la function publique (18.5%). Les dindes étaient élevées en petit nombre (1 à 20) avec du poulet local, du poulet exotique, de la pintade et des canards par un grand nombre (84.6%) des agriculteurs. La majorité (44.1%) des éleveurs de dindes de la zone d'étude ont adopté un système de gestion intensif tandis que quelques-uns (15.8%) ont laissé leurs dindes se déplacer. Les contraintes à la production de dindes identifiées par les éleveurs dans la zone d'étude étaient le coût élevé des aliments (86.5%), la mortalité précoce des dindonneaux (85.2%), l'accès insuffisant aux soins vétérinaires (78.80%), l'indisponibilité et le coût élevé des dindonneaux (74.40%).), le manque de compétences en gestion (63.3%) et le manque de capital (61.7%). La variole aviaire (69.0%) et la maladie de Newcastle (57.6%) ont été le principal problème de maladie constamment rencontré et ces maladies limitent la production dans la zone d'étude. Les éleveurs de dindes ont affirmé que la production de dindes était une entreprise rentable et prometteuse basée sur le taux de survie élevé des dindes, leur capacité à résister aux maladies et les revenus générés après la vente des dindes. En conclusion, malgré les facteurs limitant la production de dinde comme indiqué par les répondants, la production de dinde a un grand potentiel pour combler l'approvisionnement en protéines animales.Par conséquent, les aviculteurs devraient être encouragés par le gouvernement à augmenter leur niveau de production en établissant des centres d'élevage fiables dans le sud-est du Nigéria, qui garantira un approvisionnement régulier en dindonneaux d'un jour, un contrôle rapide de la maladie par l'emploi de plus de veterinaries et accordera des prêts à des conditions avantageuses aux agriculteurs.
Newcastle Disease (ND) is a dangerous disease of poultry all over the world. Economically, ND is characterized by mortality which may reach up to 100% in affected poultry farms. This study was designed to evaluate the protective properties of crude methanolic extract of Azadihiracta indica in chickens experimentally infected with a velogenic strain of ND virus. A hundred- day old cockerel was brooded for three weeks before randomly divided into five equal groups (I, II, III, IV and V). They were not vaccinated with ND vaccine LaSota. At six weeks of age, each bird in groups I-IV was inoculated with 0.2mL of the live ND viral inoculum intramuscularly while group V was not inoculated with the virus. Thereafter, groups I, II and III were daily given in drinking water 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg of Azadihiracta indica extract, respectively whereas, groups IV and V were not treated with the extract. All the groups were monitored for the onset of clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rate. In all the groups inoculated with the ND virus, about 80% birds showed signs of depression, gasping, coughing, increased thirst, complete inappetence, huddling, diarrhoea, partial/complete paralysis on day 2 post inoculation (PI). A hundred percent (100%) mortality rate was recorded for groups I and IV by day 5 PI and in groups II and III on day 6 PI. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, oral administration of Azadihiracta indica extract does not protect birds from ND.
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