Mastitis is the most frequent and expensive disease in the Animal Production Units (UPAS-Animal Production Units) of dairy cattle, due to its serious consequences on economic losses in the quantity and quality of milk produced. Its cause is directly related to aspects of well-being, health and hygiene and sanitation of the high milkproducing animals. In this work, important aspects to be taken into account for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, antimicrobials and finally aspects of vital importance to be taken into account to prevent bovine mastitis in UPAS of dairy cattle are described.
In order to identify unreliable data in a dataset of motility parameters obtained from a pilot study acquired by a veterinarian with experience in boar semen handling, but without experience in the operation of a computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system, a multivariate graphical and statistical analysis was performed. Sixteen boar semen samples were aliquoted then incubated with varying concentrations of progesterone from 0 to 3.33 µg/ml and analyzed in a CASA system. After standardization of the data, Chernoff faces were pictured for each measurement, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality and pre-process the data before hierarchical clustering. The first twelve individual measurements showed abnormal features when Chernoff faces were drawn. PCA revealed that principal components 1 and 2 explained 63.08% of the variance in the dataset. Values of principal components for each individual measurement of semen samples were mapped to identify differences among treatment or among boars. Twelve individual measurements presented low values of principal component 1. Confidence ellipses on the map of principal components showed no statistically significant effects for treatment or boar. Hierarchical clustering realized on two first principal components produced three clusters. Cluster 1 contained evaluations of the two first samples in each treatment, each one of a different boar. With the exception of one individual measurement, all other measurements in cluster 1 were the same as observed in abnormal Chernoff faces. Unreliable data in cluster 1 are probably related to the operator inexperience with a CASA system. These findings could be used to objectively evaluate the skill level of an operator of a CASA system. This may be particularly useful in the quality control of semen analysis using CASA systems.
Male germ-cell apoptosis occurs naturally and can be increased by exposure to drugs and toxic chemicals. Individuals may have different rates of apoptosis and are likely to also exhibit differential sensitivity to outside influences. Previously, we reported that p-chloroamphetamine (pCA), a substance that inhibits serotonin synthesis, induced germ-cell apoptosis in prepubertal male rats. Here, we identified prepubertal rats with naturally high or low rates of germ-cell apoptosis and evaluated gene expression in both groups. Bax and Shbg mRNA levels were higher in rats with high rates of germ-cell apoptosis. Rats were then treated with pCA and the neuro-hormonal response and gene expression were evaluated. Treatment with pCA induced a reduction in serotonin concentrations but levels of sex hormones and gonadotrophins were not changed. Rats with initially high rates of germ-cell apoptosis had even higher rates of germ-cell apoptosis after treatment with pCA. In rats with high rates of germ-cell apoptosis Bax mRNA expression remained high after treatment with pCA. On the basis of category, an inverse relationship between mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl2, Bax and AR and Bax and Hsd3b2 was found. Here we provide evidence that innate levels of germ-cell apoptosis could be explained by the level of mRNA expression of genes involved with apoptosis and spermatogenesis.
RESUMENLos caballos son animales domésticos que cada vez más toman importancia en la sociedad, ya que son usados, tanto para el trabajo como para el deporte. También pueden ser usados como herramienta terapéutica y coadyuvante por profesionales de la salud física o mental, para promover la rehabilitación de niños, adolescentes y adultos a nivel neuromuscular, psicológico, cognitivo y social. Es por eso que el en el manejo de éstos animales es de suma importancia el conocimiento de los factores externos que le pueden ocasionar estrés o malestar que definitivamente disminuyen su rendimiento. En este trabajo, se describen algunos factores externos que pueden predisponer a los caballos a entrar en estrés.Palabras clave: Estrés, caballos, factores externos, reproducción. ABSTRACTHorses are pets that are becoming increasingly important in society, since they are used for both work and sports. They can also be used as a therapeutic and auxiliary tool by physical or mental health professionals to promote the rehabilitation of children, adolescents and adults at the neuromuscular, psychological, cognitive and social levels. That is why in the management of these animals is extremely important the knowledge of external factors that can cause you stress or discomfort that definitely decrease their performance. In this paper, we describe some external factors that may predispose horses to enter stress.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that have an unpaired electron in their last orbital, which makes them highly unstable agents. In medicine, it has been discovered that they play an important role in cell signaling and without them some cells such as leukocytes or sperm could not perform their biological functions. To protect itself from these oxidizing agents, the cell has a defense system based on antioxidants; however, when this balance is lost and oxidizing agents exceed the cellular antioxidant capacity, the cell enters oxidative stress, which affects cellular components such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, among others. In the case of spermatozoa, due to their high metabolic rate, they produce large quantities of oxygen reactive species (ROS), decreasing sperm motility, alterations in cytoplasmic components, modifications in genetic material, or sperm death. In this chapter, a review is made of a brief history of how the toxicity of oxygen and free radicals was discovered, the oxidative stress in cells, and the effect of oxidative stress in the cytoplasmic sperm membrane, in the spermatic mitochondria, in the spermatic acrosome, in the sperm DNA, and in the fertility of the female and the male.
El clembuterol, Químicamente se describe como polvo blanco, anhidro, muy soluble en agua y altamente estable a temperatura ambiente, su punto de fusión es de 174 a 175.5 ºC. También es un derivado sintético perteneciente a una clase de medicamentos análogos fisiológicamente a la adrenalina, tiene la capacidad de interactuar con receptores adrenérgicos, generalmente del tipo ß2 (β agonista), es uno de los modificadores metabólicos más conocido en el área de producción de carne, debido al alto grado residual que deja esta sustancia en los tejidos comestibles y sus posibles repercusiones en la salud pública. En este trabajo, se describen los principales actores de la cadena productiva en la engorda de ganado que deben participar para prevenir el uso de clembuterol. La información fue recopilada de información científicas y publicaciones de las autoridades competentes, tales como: SENASICA, SAGARPA, COFEPRIS y Ley Federal de Sanidad Animal.
Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar el efecto de la raza del toro sobre la calidad espermática del semen descongelado. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se utilizaron 10 pajillas plásticas de 0.5 ml de semen congelado de tres diferentes razas de toro, las cuales se adquirieron en una empresa comercial. Las razas de toro utilizadas fueron Charolais, Brahman y Simbrah. Las pajillas fueron descongeladas a 37°C durante 40 segundos. Inmediatamente después se valoró motilidad, viabilidad e integridad acrorosomal (NAR). Resultados: Los resultados fueron para motilidad 75.0, 87.5 y 85.0 %; para viabilidad 74.5, 74.5 y 72.5 %; y para NAR 97.1, 96.9 y 96.9% para las razas Charolais, Brahaman y Simbrah, respectivamente. Limitaciones/implicaciones: Las pajillas utilizadas se obtuvieron de una empresa comercial dedicada a la venta de semen congelado de bovino. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Las tres razas de toros mostraron buena calidad espermática después de la descongelación, las cuales pueden ser recomendadas para ser utilizadas en la inseminación artificial sin ningún problema.
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