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Equation-of-state data and corresponding first-principles theory for the metals Al, Cu, Mo, and Pb are reported over the shock pressure range 0.4–2.4 TPa (4–24 Mbar). Strong shock waves were generated by nuclear explosions and a two-stage light-gas gun. The experimental data occur in the hot liquid-metal regime, where condensed-matter theory applies but with unusually large thermal components to the equation of state.

We calculated the peak particle velocity and peak acceleration at gage locations for the three explosions of the KUCHEN experiment. Our predictions of the peak particle velocities and accelerations are consistent with a variety of other estimates which include surface motion obtained from underground nuclear explosions in alluvium, a tamped HE explosion at the Nevada Test Site, and the ConWep estimates which are used for conventional weapons effects calculations. We also predict the air blast over-pressure and the temperature rise in the air inside the cavity of the decoupled explosion and find that the peak pressure at the top of the cylindrical cavity is about 50 bars and that the shock-wave reverberations inside the cavity have a period of about 100 ms. After a time on the order of 500 ms, the shock wave reverberations inside the cavity of the decoupled explosion are considerably attenuated and the equilibrium state before any significant diffusion or thermal conduction occurs, is a pressure of 5 bars and a temperature of about 11000 C. The instrumentation of the experiment is designed for containment diagnostics, near-field in-situ motion, and ground motion monitoring. The containment diagnostics include an &-blast overpressure gage, an RF Interferometer, a strain gage, two thermocouples and two cavity pressure gages. Additional gages will detect the presence of hazardous detonation products. Near field motion diagnostics include four threeaxis accelerometers at various depths and a single three-axis velocity gage. The seismic ground motion sensors are located in 24 distinct locations and distributed in a modified symmetrical pattern around the borehole. Using a simple constitutive model which correctly predicts peak particle velocity data in porous alluvium, we calculated a decoupling factor that varies from 4 to 11 in the frequency range between 1 and 30 hertz. Using that same constitutive model, we calculated a decoupling factor of

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This is an informal report intended primarily for internal or limited external distribution. Theopinionsand conclusions statedare thoseoftheauthorand may or may not be those of the Laboratory. Charles Carrigan, Ray Heinle, and J. J. Zucca Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory April 13, 1995 Summary Tracer gases emplaced in or near the detonation cavity of the 1-kiloton Nonproliferation Event required 1.5 and 13.5 months for sulfur hexaflouride and helium-3, respectively, to reach the surface of Rainier Mesa froin an emplacement depth of 400 meters. The sites that first produced tracer gases are those located in known faults and fractures. Numerical modeling suggests that transport to the surface is accomplished within this time frame through atmospheric pumping along high permeability pathways such as fractures. The difference in travel time between the two tracers is due to differences in gas diffusivity and can also be explained by our numerical modeling. DBTRtBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT I S UNLiMITW lntroductionNegotiations are being conducted in Geneva under the auspices of the Conference on Disarmament that could lead to a comprehensive test ban treaty. A future treaty will most likely contain a provision for on-site inspection (OSI) of ambiguous events. A key aspect of OS1 will be to search for radioactive gases that are indicative of nuclear explosions. Of these gases, five are potential targets of collection during an OSI: Xenon-135 and -133, Argon-37, Krypton-85, and Tritium which have half lives of 9 hours, 5 days, 35 days, 11 years, and 13 years respectively. Argon-371 is the most attractive target since its half-life is long enough that it will still be detectable after several months, and has a small worldwide background.The Nonproliferation Experiment ( W E ) involved the underground detonation in Rainier Mesa at the Nevada Test Site of an ammonium nitrate and fuel oil blasting agent that released one kiloton of explosive energy. The primary purpose of this experiment was to ascertain the current capability of treaty verification technology to seismically discriminate between nuclear explosions and single-point chemical explosions. However, this experiment also provided the opportunity to carry out OS1 related studies on an overburied and tamped Argon-37 is a result of irradiating the calcium in a device and surrounding soil at the site of an underground nuclear explosion with neutrons produced by fission and/or f u s h according to the reaction: n + ' %I ->4ka ->37Ar + a.-1-event having many characteristics of the type of detonation that might be the subject of an OS1 under a treaty. The chemical explosive was emplaced in a cavity that was connected to the outside by a system of tunnels. Therefore, the surface ground zero was not disturbed prior to detonation. Furthermore, after the explosion there was no evidence of surface deformation such as cracking and/or settling . OS1 Gas Sampling ExperimentSince the NPE involved the detonation of chemical explosives, no radioactive gases were produced. To sim...

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P dThis is an informal report intended primarily for internal or limited external distribution. The opinions and conclusions stated are those of the author and may or may not be those of the Laboratory.