Limits of detection were 340 ng kg -1 for ZEA, 13 ng kg -1 for OTA and varied from 0.5 to 15 ng kg -1 for aflatoxins. Recovery percentages were between 78.2 and 109.2%. After being validated, the method has been successfully applied to 20 barley samples cultivated in a region of northern Spain (Navarra).

The co-occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its five analogs (OTB, OTC, MeOTA, MeOTB and EtOTB) in 96 red wine samples from Mediterranean countries has been demonstrated, for the first time, in this study.OTA was detected in 99 % of the samples (

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addresses of all coauthors: Rebeca Remiro: rremiro@alumni.unav.es. Elena Lizarraga PhD: elizarraga@unav.es. Adela López de Cerain PhD: acerain@unav.es. ABSTRACTOchratoxin A (OTA), B (OTB) and their methyl (MeOTA, MeOTB) and ethyl (OTC, EtOTB) esters were evaluated in 51 red wine samples from Navarra (Spain). Detectable levels of OTA and OTB were found in 100% of the samples, and 71% showed the presence of OTC. The six ochratoxins appeared simultaneously in 18% of the samples.Results indicated that OTC is hydrolyzed to OTA in red wine. Therefore, ochratoxin intake from wine can be underestimated when only assessed by OTA analysis.Analyzed Navarra wines are scarcely contaminated with ochratoxins and their contribution to human intake is low, with the worst case being 4.7% and 6.6% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for OTA and for the sum of ochratoxins, respectively. No significant differences were generally found between vintages. With the exception of OTA, no significant differences were observed between organic and traditional farming. Levels of ochratoxins were positively correlated with temperature and inversely correlated with humidity and rainfall.

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