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Cell-substrate interface is known to control the cell response and subsequent cell functions. Among the various biophysical signals, grain structure, which indicates the repeating arrangement of atoms in the material, has also proved to play a role of significant importance in mediating the cell activities. Moreover, refining the grain size through severe plastic deformation is known to provide the processed material with novel mechanical properties. The potential application of such advanced materials as biomedical implants has recently been evaluated by investigating the effect of different substrate grain sizes on a wide variety of cell activities. In this review, recent advances in biomedical applications of severe plastic deformation techniques are highlighted with special attention to the effect of the obtained nano/ultra-fine-grain size on cell-substrate interactions. Various severe plastic deformation techniques used for this purpose are discussed presenting a brief description of the mechanism for each process. The results obtained for each treatment on cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as the in vivo studies, are discussed. Finally, the advantages and challenges regarding the application of these techniques to produce multifunctional bio-implant materials are addressed.

RIASSUNTO.Si descrive il processo di cold-spray per l'ottenimento di rivestimenti di superfici metalliche e non metalliche. La memoria, dopo una parte introduttiva relativa alle applicazioni del processo, intende discutere criticamente le attuali conoscenze al riguardo, principalmente indirizzate all'influenza dei parametri di processo sull'efficienza di deposizione (DE). Si focalizza l'attenzione su tutti i parametri di interesse ed è indirizzata, in particolare, all'analisi dell'influenza della rugosità della superficie del substrato sul'efficienza di deposizione. Vengono poi analizzati i principali effetti del cold-spray sulle proprietà del substrato. Infine, sulla base delle attuali conoscenze si tracciano e sottolineano alcuni possibili sviluppi di ricerca in questo settore. ABSTRACT.A brief description of cold spray coating process is presented. This paper intends to review some the previous works which are mostly about the influences of the cold spray parameters, mostly the surface of the substrate, on the deposition efficiency (DE). Almost all the important parameters, with more focus on the roughness of the substrate, on increasing the DE are briefly studied; this review also includes a description of application of cold spray and of some important effect of this method on substrate properties. On this basis, some possible development in this field of research are drawn and discussed.

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