While immunotherapeutic strategies are emerging as adjunctive treatments for cancer, sensitive methods of monitoring the immune response after treatment remain to be established. We used a novel next generation sequencing (NGS) approach to determine whether quantitative assessments of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) content and the degree of overlap of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences in brain tumors and peripheral blood were predictors of immune response and overall survival in glioblastoma (GBM) patients treated with autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy. A significant correlation was found between a higher estimated TIL content and increased time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). In addition, we were able to assess the proportion of shared TCR sequences between tumor and peripheral blood at time points before and after therapy, and found the level of TCR overlap to correlate with survival outcomes. Higher degrees of overlap, or the development of an increased overlap following immunotherapy, correlated with improved clinical outcome, and may provide insights into the successful, antigen-specific immune response.
Photosynthesis was studied in various atmospheres of oxygen with marine plants grown on the Great Barrier Reef near Lizard Island, Australia. Inhibition of photosynthesis in a 100 % oxygen atmosphere ranged from 12 to 83 % in specific marine plants when compared to a nitrogen or helium atmosphere. The rates of photosynthesis in these marine plants were in general similar to those of terrestrial plants which fix CO2 via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. We conclude that photo-respiration is present in specific marine plants at levels similar to those found in terrestrial plants with the reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
Chloroplasts isolated by methods similar to that described by Arnon et al. (1) are capable of incorporating acetate carbon into both lipid and n)on-lipid materials when fortified with appropriate cofactors (2,3,4,5 (table I). Air inhibited the rate of photosynthesis by about 25 % in the presence and absence of acetate but had no effect on the distribution of 14C assimilated. Furthermore, we found that the presence of 1 mM acetate did not affect either the uptake of 1"CO, or
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