O número de mulheres na físicaé pouco representativo, seja na pesquisa governamental, na indústria ou no meio acadêmico. Na maioria dos países, apenas cerca de 10% a 12% dos profissionais do campo da física, noś ultimos 100 anos, são mulheres. A situação não tem se alterado significativamente nosúltimos anos. Recentemente, uma discussão na revista Physics Today [1] questionava se essa seria, de fato, uma questão relevante. O presente artigo fará uma revisão do atual status da mulher na física, focalizando em especial países em desenvolvimento, como Brasil eÍndia. Serão discutidas as razões pelas quais a física necessita de mais mulheres e sugeridas algumas estratégias para melhorar a situação atual. Palavras-chave: mulheres, física, Brasil, eÍndia.Women are under represented in physics in government research, industry and academia. In most countries approximately 10% -12% women are working as professionals in physics for the last 100 years. This situation has not changed much in recent years. A discussion in Physics Today [1] has questioned why this is an issue at all any way. This paper will review the current status of women in physics, focusing on developing countries like Brazil and India. We discuss reasons why physics needs more women and propose some strategies to improve the current situation. Keywords: women, physics, Brazil, and India. O tratamento desigual a profissionais do sexo feminino, em todos os níveis, tem se mostrado um dado da realidade, em quase todos os países. A disparidade de gênero no meio profissionalé associada parcialmente ao papel biológico eàs responsabilidades da mulher como mãe, mas se deve principalmente a concepções tradicionais, que atribuemà mulher o papel fundamental da maternidade e das tarefas domésticas, e ao homem o papel de provedor do sustento da família. Entre as diversas esferas profissionais, a ausência das mulheres parece especialmente notável na ciência e na tecnologia, particularmente nos campos das ciências físicas e na engenharia, e as mulheres que optam pelo estudo naárea das ciências frequentemente acabam assumindo aquelas ocupações consideradas menos desafiadoras. As mulheres estão sub-representadas na física. De todas as ciências, a físicaé umaárea na qual o aumento do número de mulheres tem sido particularmente lento. Muitas jovens com grande potencial intelectual não têm a oportunidade de estudar física ou de se preparar para uma carreira nessaárea. Outras são deliberadamente desencorajadas.A situação, contudo,é ainda mais grave. Muitas das mulheres que iniciam o curso de física acabam por desistir. Uma proporção maior de mulheres que de homens abandona a física em cada estágio da carreiraum fenômeno frequentemente chamado de leaky pipeline ("vazamento na tubulação") [4].Nosúltimos anos, a questão da sub-representação das mulheres na física tem sido objeto de uma ampla discussão, em todo o mundo. A natureza e magnitude do problema variam entre os países. No entanto,é 1
A cross-cultural survey of female undergraduates' aspirations for scientific study and careers (Uma comparação cultural entre as aspirações de estudantes de graduação pela carreira e pelo estudo de ciências
Emerald samples from two different locations in Brazil have been analyzed using transmission 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, and optical methods. Mössbauer spectra were decomposed into four subspectra associated with Fe ions at different sites. We found that Fe2+ substitutes both Al and Be sites in different proportions (varying with the origin of emerald samples); and about 1/3 of iron ions in Fe3+ valence state are primarily located at two different sites.
Grant (1) has tried to correlate isomer shift (IS) 6 and quadrupole splitting We have obtained a straight line between 6 and AE in a series of compounds in 2+ Q 1) 70.000 Brasilia, Brazil.
The continent of Antarctica consists of 14 million km2, roughly equivalent to the whole of South America, and is of immense interest to humanity, in particular to the countries of the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic continent is the continent of superlatives: it is almost isolated from the rest of the continents, and is severely cold, windy, and dry. In winter, the Antarctic area increases to nearly 32 million km2, because of formation of a 1,000km wide ice‐belt. The average depth of ice on the continent is in the order of 2,000m, and in the transantarctic region this depth is 4,800 meters. Antarctica is the biggest sweet water reservoir of the planet earth. Icebergs are common and huge ones (190km in length and 130km wide) have also been observed. The minimum temperature recorded (–89.2°C) at Vostok (Russian base) on 21 July 1983 is also the minimum recorded environmental temperature on the planet earth. Because of extreme temperature variations the Antarctic winds have high velocity. The environment is very dry and at the center of the continent the dryness is of the same magnitude as in the driest desert anywhere on the planet. This is the only uninhabited continent of the planet, except for some 50 research bases which cover an insignificant area located on the continent and the Antarctica Peninsula. Because of its economic, strategic, geopolitical, scientific, meteorological, and oceanographic importance and possible exploitation in the future, Antarctica has been attracting greater attention every day. Antarctica is basically concentrated around the South Pole and it touches the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Brazil, in common with many other nations, has geopolitical interests and in untapped mineral deposits (considerable deposits of coal, petroleum, gas). In the south, where the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans meet, the cold water of Antarctica is the habitat housing hundreds of species of sea life. Unrestricted and unbalanced exploitation of Antarctica could cause changes in the meteorological and oceanographic balance. In the present paper, the Brazilian Antarctic Program, and summarized results of studies of Antarctic soil, rocks, and sediments are reported.
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