To test the hypothesis that charge affects the transvascular transport of albumin, the tracer clearance for albumin and a set of charge-modified albumins was measured in heel skin and gastrocnemius muscle from anesthetized rabbits. The charge on albumin was made less negative by modifying the carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids to alcohol groups. Four preparations of modified albumin having isoelectric points of 5.1 +/- 0.4, 5.8 +/- 0.4, 7.1 +/- 0.5, and 8.1 +/- 0.7 were studied. In skin, the clearances for the most neutral modified albumin and cationic albumin were 20 and 80% greater than that for native albumin, respectively. In skeletal muscle, the clearances for the most neutral modified albumin and cationic albumin were 50% and 1.5 times greater than that for native albumin, respectively. Calculation of the reflection coefficient for native albumin from the change in clearance with increased venous pressure resulted in estimates greater than 0.95 in both tissues. The change in clearance for the modified albumins during increased venous pressure was not different from that for native albumin. Charge appears to effect transvascular diffusion of proteins more than convective transport.
Anesthetized rabbits were given an intravenous infusion of saline over a 1-h period to increase transvascular protein transport in skin and skeletal muscle. The infusion rate was adjusted to rapidly decrease the plasma concentration of total protein without increasing mean arterial blood pressure or the venous pressure in the leg. The 1-h clearance for radiolabeled albumin and a set of charge-modified albumins was measured in the heel skin and the gastrocnemius muscle. For both skin and skeletal muscle, the clearance for native albumin during the saline infusion was twice the value for control. The increase in clearance for the most neutral protein was greater than that for native albumin, suggesting that transvascular fluid movement was through a pathway which excludes native albumin. The clearance for cationic albumin increased slightly in skin and did not change in skeletal muscle, indicating that transport of the cationic protein through this pathway is predominantly diffusion. The data were consistent with a two-pore model for transvascular transport of water and proteins and with the increase in water transport through the small pores during the saline infusion.
During an ethnobotanical survey conducted among the Zafimaniry clan in the Amoron'i Mania region of Madagascar, 164 medicinal plants species from 138 genera and 73 families are recorded to be used by local people to treat 65 different types of human diseases. The most prescribed species belong to Asteraceae (30 species), Fabaceae (8 species), Rubiaceae (7 species) Poaceae (6 species) and Solanaceae (7 species) botanical families. Helichrysum was the most cited genus with 6 species. The main pathologies treated with medicinal plants are abdominal colic (10.5%) using 25 species, cough (7.2%, 23 species), intestinal parasites (6.3%, 20 species) and diarrhea (5.8%, 25 species). The vernacular names and the recipes of used plants are also reported. Data are collected by interviewing 191 informants aged between 16 and 100 using standardized questionnaires. The present study shows that the Zafimaniry people use a large number of medicinal plants for their primary health care. Some of the recorded plants are new in the Malagasy ethnopharmacopoeia.
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