Application of hog (Sus domesticus) manure to agricultural land converts waste to fertilizer. Nevertheless, matching nutrients in highly variable manure to soil or crop needs requires analytical capability that is ideally field portable and cost‐effective. This study explored using rapid nondestructive near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyze nutrients in hog manure and receiving soil. Spectral data in the visible and near‐infrared (NIR) region (400–2500 nm) from manure samples were correlated with chemical analytical data from the same samples using multiple linear regression statistics to develop calibrations for the prediction of future unknown samples. For 64 manure samples from seven manure storage facilities, r2 between NIR‐predicted values and chemically measured values was 0.93 to 0.99 for NH4–N, total dissolved N (TDN), suspended N, soluble reactive P (SRP), total dissolved P (TDP), suspended P, suspended C, Na, and Mg. For K, Ca, conductivity, and pH, r2 was >0.80. Subsequent analysis of 75 samples from 25 facilities gave similar or slightly less successful results. Soil samples collected before and following application of manure were scanned in a field‐moist state and after drying. For field‐moist soil, r2 for N, organic matter, Mg, and moisture was >0.84; for SO4–S was 0.7. For dry soil, results were similar for N and better for Mg SO4–S, Ca, and K. Near‐infrared spectroscopy has potential to predict some nutrient and salt concentrations in manure rapidly and without sample preparation. It can determine moisture, organic matter, total N, and Mg in field‐moist or dry soil and SO4–S, Ca, and possibly K in dry soil.
. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81: 439-447. As soil properties influence productivity, it is of interest to characterize their distribution for the purpose of intensified agricultural management in variable landscapes. Soil properties (soil organic C content, soil pH, A horizon thickness, solum thickness and depth to carbonates) were studied in 10 intensively sampled transects in a gently undulating glacial till landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. Using a landform description model, the study site was delineated into upper, mid and lower elevation landform element complexes (LEC) The program used a digital elevation model created from relative elevation data collected on a 10-m grid. Sample points were also stratified by soil series; Newdale (Orthic Black Chernozem), Varcoe (Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem) and Angusville (Gleyed Eluviated Black Chernozem) soils of the Newdale association were identified. Landform element complexes were ranked lower > mid > upper with respect to convergent landscape character. The eluviated Angusville profiles occurred under more convergent landscape character than the Newdale or Varcoe series. There was a consistent rank of lower > mid > upper with respect to depth to carbonates, A horizon thickness, solum thickness and soil organic C content. Relative ranking of the pH in the Ap horizon was the opposite. In all cases, the lower LEC emerged as most clearly distinct. There was substantial variability in soil profile development, and, therefore, soil series membership, within individual LEC. This indicated that the scale at which LEC are delineated is broader than that at which soil series variability occurs. Nonetheless, LEC were useful in capturing gross variability in soil properties within the landscape at a scale that would allow unique agricultural management practices.Key words: Soil-landscape, solum thickness, depth to carbonates, organic carbon, soil pH Manning, G., Fuller, L. G., Eilers, R. G. et Florinsky, I. 2001. Incidence du relief sur la variabilité des propriétés pédologiques d'un terrain ondulé au Manitoba. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81: 439-447. Puisque les propriétés du sol agissent sur la productivité, en établir la distribution concourrait à une gestion plus intensive des terres arables sur différents terrains. Les auteurs ont étudié les propriétés du sol (teneur en carbone organique, pH, épaisseur de l'horizon A, épaisseur du solum et profondeur des carbonates) échantillonné à de nombreux endroits le long de dix transects, sur un terrain ondulé de till glaciaire près de Miniota, au Manitoba. Le site examiné a été subdivisé en complexes d'éléments topographiques (CET) de haute, de moyenne et de faible altitude grâce à un modèle de description du relief. Le logiciel faisait appel à un système de modélisation numérique des hauteurs reposant sur les relevés altimétriques obtenus de 10 m en 10 m. Les points d'échantillonnage ont également été stratifiés d'après la série de sols. Ainsi, les auteurs ont identifié les sols Newdale (tchernoziom noir orthique), Varcoe (tchernoziom noir régosol...
. 2007. Application of a risk indicator for assessing trends in dryland salinization risk on the Canadian Prairies. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87: 213-224. Moderate to severe soil salinity currently affects the surface 60 cm of approximately 1 million ha within agricultural regions of the prairies. The subsoil (60-120 cm) is affected on about 3.5 million ha. The risk of soil salinization (RSS) indicator was developed to measure and monitor the change in risk of soil salinization in the Canadian Prairies as a function of changes in agricultural land use and management practices as reported in the Canadian Census of Agriculture. We have expressed the RSS indicator in five classes from very low to very high risk. In 1981, 18.4% of the land area in the agricultural regions of the prairies was rated as having a moderate or higher risk of salinization. By 2001 this had improved to less than 12% (8 million ha). Prairie-wide the land area at high and very high risk of salinization decreased from 6.2 to 4.4% of agricultural landscapes and the area at moderate risk decreased from 12.2 to 7.3%. We attribute this improvement largely to a reduction in summer fallow with a minor contribution from increased use of permanent cover. Although the risk of soil salinization is far from eliminated, the trend is towards greater agri-environmental sustainability. . Pour l'ensemble des Prairies, la superficie des terres courant des risques élevés ou très élevés de salinisation était passée de 12,2 à 7,3 %. Les auteurs attribuent cette amélioration dans une large mesure à une réduction de la jachère estivale et, en second lieu, à un plus grand recours à une couverture végétale permanente. Bien que les risques de salinisation demeurent, la tendance s'est engagée vers une plus grande durabilité de l'environnement agricole.
Soil moisture and nutrient variation within an undulating Manitoba landscape. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81: [449][450][451][452][453][454][455][456][457][458]. The use of discrete management units for variable-rate N fertilization requires that factors influencing grain yield response to N fertilizer are adequately characterized by delineating landscapes into such management units. The objective of this study was to compare the use of topographically derived landform element complexes (LEC) and the use of individual soil series as management units. Soil volumetric moisture content, nitrate-N, exchangeable ammonium-N, extractable phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and sulphate-sulphur were studied in 10 intensively sampled transects in an undulating glacial till landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. The study site was delineated into upper, mid and lower LEC using a digital elevation model derived from relative elevation data. The LEC were useful in capturing gross variability at a manageable landscape scale. Among LEC there was a general trend of lower > mid > upper for median values of soil moisture, nitrate, phosphate, potassium and sulphate, as these attributes generally increased with convergent landscape character. Differences among LEC were often statistically significant, and relative distributions exhibited temporal persistence. The site was also stratified by soil series, including Newdale, Varcoe and Angusville soils (Black Chernozems), which were identified by examination of individual soil cores at each sample point. Stratifying the site into management units using soil genetic information, which is reflective of historical moisture conditions and biomass production, was expected to be superior. There was little advantage, however, in using soil series rather than LEC. Spatial distributions of the most agronomically relevant attributes (soil moisture and nitrate) were expressed at a landscape scale broader than that at which soil series occurred within the site. While there were important differences among soil series with respect to nutrients such as phosphate and sulphate, the site was better stratified by LEC with respect to soil moisture and nitrate. Pour fertiliser le sol avec une quantité variable d'engrais azoté, il est essentiel de bien caractériser les facteurs qui affectent la réaction du rendement grainier à l'engrais en divisant le terrain en unités agronomiques. L'étude devait comparer l'utilité de complexes d'éléments topographiques (CET) et de séries de sols comme unités agronomiques. Les auteurs ont déterminé la quantité d'eau, de N sous forme de nitrates ou d'ammonium échangeable, de phosphore extractible, de potassium échangeable et de soufre-sulfate dans un grand nombre d'échantillons prélevés le long de dix transects, sur un terrain de till glaciaire, près de Miniota, au Manitoba. Le site a été subdivisé en CET de haute, de moyenne et de faible altitude grâce à un système de modélisation numérique des hauteurs, à partir de la hauteur relative. Les CET permettent de saisir les variations gros...
Wheat yield and grain protein variation within an undulating soil landscape. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81: 459-467. The objective of this study was to compare landform element complexes (LEC) and soil series as discrete management units for variable rate N fertilizer application. Crop response attributes including grain yield, and grain protein concentration were studied in ten intensively sampled transects in an undulating glacial till soil-landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. In 1997, a year with growing season precipitation 37% below average, median grain yield tended to increase with both N fertilizer and with convergent character in the landscape (upper < mid < lower). Varcoe soils, located predominantly within the lower LEC, were generally more productive than Newdale soils. Grain protein concentration increased with N fertilizer, but tended to decrease with convergent character in the landscape (upper > mid > lower), and was lowest in the Varcoe series. In 1998, growing season precipitation was 62% above average. Grain yield responses to N fertilizer were greater, due in part to declining N fertility in the check and 45 kg ha -1 treatments. Trends among LEC were opposite to those in 1997, as median grain yield estimates tended to decrease with convergent character in the landscape (upper > mid > lower). Grain yield was modeled as a function of estimated plant-available N supply within each LEC and soil series. Modeled 1997 grain yield maxima were 2077, 2261 and 2485 kg ha -1 in the upper, mid and lower LEC. Estimated plant-available N supply at the yield maxima were 89, 130 and 130 kg N ha -1 , respectively. In 1998, the relative order of modeled maxima among LEC was reversed. Grain yield of 2501, 2355 and 2227 kg ha -1 were predicted in the upper, mid and lower LEC. Estimated plant-available N supply at the yield maxima were 146, 142 and 154 kg N ha -1 , correspondingly. In 1997, plateau yields were 2379, 2495 and 2325 kg ha -1 for Newdale, Varcoe and Angusville series, respectively, where the Varcoe series responded most strongly to estimated plant-available N supply. The corresponding estimated plant-available N supply values at the modeled maxima were 195, 139 and 110 kg ha -1 . In 1998, plateau yields were 2343, 2253 and 2285 kg ha -1 for Newdale, Varcoe and Angusville series, respectively. The corresponding estimated plant-available N supply values at the modeled maxima were 136, 148 and 155 kg ha -1 . Successful variablerate fertilization by LEC or soil series will require long-term empirical study to establish risk-based grain yield-N relationships, and to determine if an economic advantage over conventional fertilization practices exists. . L'étude devait comparer l'utilité des complexes d'éléments topographiques (CET) et des séries de sols en tant qu'unités agronomiques discrètes permettant de déterminer la quantité d'engrais à appliquer dans le cadre d'un régime de fertilisation azotée variable. Les auteurs ont examiné divers attributs de la réaction des cultures, dont le rendement grainier et la concentr...
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