No abstract
/ This article deals with a geological investigation carried out as a fundamental part of the conservation and static restoration of several antique churches excavated in andesitic tuff in the GOreme valley and adjacent areas of Cappadocia in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Two stages have been completed already, in 1982 and 1985, respectively, and the work is still in progress.Seismicity is not regarded as a structural hazard, but the geological history incMdes a series of volcanic episodes since the Qligocene (about 38 million years ago), which persisted into fairly recent times and laid down a great thickness of tuff rock. Erosion sculptured this tuff preferentially because of irregular harder, basaltic layers, which later capped rock pinnacles, the so-called peribacalars, in which churches were hewn over a thousand years ago.Because the host rock is heavily fissured, precipitation has entered and has damaged many mural paintings. These are also subject to vandalism, and efforts have been made to restore them by the usual conservation intervention. However, grouting is necessary and must take into account the porosity of the tuff, which also permits capillary rise from crypts. Sometimes, during wet episodes, water flushes into these and scours the interior walls as well. The basic problem remains geological, and the contribution of the earth sciences is very important. Thus, an engineering geology study has determined that the tuff rock is suitable both for building retaining wal~s and acting as a constituent in cement grout. It is expected that the UNESCO/ICCROM program to save the churches will be completed successfully within the next five years or so.
Association Round Table on impermeable clay have been located away from the river floodplain. Pumping schemes for the transport of drainage water to the basins are proposed. BOWEN, R. G., Oregon Dept. of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Most of the undesirable effects of energy usage come from the rejection of heat, waste products, and by-products during the steps of production, transportation, processing, and the conversion of chemical energy to thermal energy. Where geothermal energy can be substituted for coal, oil, or nuclear fuels, it will result in a net reduction of such adverse environmental impacts. Geothermal developments appear to have a major impact when a field such as The Geysers or Wairakei is compared to an electric-power-production facility such as a fossil-fuel or nuclear-power plant. Industrialization, the drilling of wells and the building of pipelines and power plants, constitutes the main impact from geothermal developments. All other impact factors-noise from drilling, possible flashing of steam in separators, release of noncondensable gases, and disposal of spent fluids-can be handled by present technology with minimal investment. Many years of experience at the Larderello field in Italy show that geothermal developments can be compatible with other land uses, as farms, orchards, and vineyards cover much of the productive field wfith only minimal conflict between the two operations. To give a true picture of the environmental costs from any power source, all steps from the mine to the final product must be added together. The geothermalsteam cycle has fewer steps, fewer energy inputs, and fewer hidden subsidies than any of the coal, oil, or nuclear processes. This simplicity of the geothermalsteam cycle lowers the net-environmental costs and enhances reliability. Because the geothermal-power cycle is self contained, it needs no outside support to maintain the production of electricity; there are no railroads or mines or complex processing facilities to be put out of service by a strike or natural catastrophe or by political decision in a foreign land.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.